# go_term

go_id: GO:0004755
term: saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate-forming) activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H(2)O + NADP(+) = L-allysine + L-glutamate + H(+) + NADPH.


go_id: GO:0004756
term: selenide, water dikinase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + hydrogen selenide = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + selenophosphorate.


go_id: GO:0004766
term: spermidine synthase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + putrescine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + spermidine.


go_id: GO:0004768
term: stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: stearoyl-CoA + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ = oleoyl-CoA + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + H2O.


go_id: GO:0004773
term: steryl-sulfatase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one 3-sulfate + H2O = 3-beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + sulfate.


go_id: GO:0004774
term: succinate-CoA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + CoA + nucleotide triphosphate = nucleotide diphosphate + phosphate + succinyl-CoA.


go_id: GO:0004779
term: sulfate adenylyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of an adenylyl group from an adenosine nucleotide (ATP or ADP) to sulfate, forming adenylylsulfate.


go_id: GO:0004789
term: thiamine-phosphate diphosphorylase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine + 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphoethyl)-thiazole + H(+) = diphosphate + thiamine phosphate.


go_id: GO:0004790
term: thioether S-methyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + dimethyl sulfide = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + trimethylsulfonium.


go_id: GO:0004800
term: thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5,3'-L-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + acceptor + H+ = L-thyroxine + donor-H2.


go_id: GO:0004801
term: sedoheptulose-7-phosphate:D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glyceronetransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = D-erythrose 4-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate.


go_id: GO:0004802
term: transketolase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reversible transfer of a 2-carbon ketol group (CH2OH-CO-) from a ketose phosphate donor to an aldose phosphate acceptor.


go_id: GO:0004803
term: transposase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transposition of transposable elements or transposons. Transposases are involved in recombination required for transposition and are site-specific for the transposon/transposable element.


go_id: GO:0004808
term: tRNA (5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate)-methyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA containing 5-aminomethyl-2-thiouridine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridylate.


go_id: GO:0004809
term: tRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA containing guanine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N2-methylguanine.


go_id: GO:0004812
term: aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA from ATP, amino acid, and tRNA with the release of diphosphate and AMP.


go_id: GO:0004815
term: aspartate-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + tRNA(Asp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp).


go_id: GO:0004816
term: asparagine-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + ATP + tRNA(Asn) = AMP + Asn-tRNA(Asn) + diphosphate + 2 H(+).


go_id: GO:0004817
term: cysteine-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-cysteine + tRNA(Cys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys).


go_id: GO:0004818
term: glutamate-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamate + tRNA(Glu) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu).


go_id: GO:0004819
term: glutamine-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamine + tRNA(Gln) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln).


go_id: GO:0004821
term: histidine-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-histidine + tRNA(His) = AMP + diphosphate + L-histidyl-tRNA(His).


go_id: GO:0004822
term: isoleucine-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: L-isoleucine + ATP + tRNA(Ile) = L-isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H(+).


go_id: GO:0004823
term: leucine-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucine + ATP + tRNA(Leu) = AMP + diphosphate + 2 H(+) + Leu-tRNA(Leu).


go_id: GO:0004825
term: methionine-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-methionine + tRNA(Met) = AMP + diphosphate + L-methionyl-tRNA(Met).


go_id: GO:0004826
term: phenylalanine-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) = AMP + diphosphate + L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).


go_id: GO:0004829
term: threonine-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-threonine + tRNA(Thr) = AMP + diphosphate + L-threonyl-tRNA(Thr).


go_id: GO:0004830
term: tryptophan-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-tryptophan + tRNA(Trp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-tryptophanyl-tRNA(Trp).


go_id: GO:0004831
term: tyrosine-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + ATP + tRNA(Tyr) = L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H(+).


go_id: GO:0004832
term: valine-tRNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + ATP + tRNA(Val) = L-valyl-tRNA(Val) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H(+).


go_id: GO:0004834
term: tryptophan synthase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate = L-tryptophan + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H2O.


go_id: GO:0004835
term: tubulin-tyrosine ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + detyrosinated alpha-tubulin + L-tyrosine = alpha-tubulin + ADP + phosphate.


go_id: GO:0004839
term: ubiquitin activating enzyme activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: E1 + ubiquitin + ATP--> E1-ubiquitin + AMP + PPi, where the E1-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond between the C-terminal glycine of Ub and a sulfhydryl side group of an E1 cysteine residue. This is the first step in a cascade of reactions in which ubiquitin is ultimately added to a protein substrate.


go_id: GO:0004842
term: ubiquitin-protein transferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages.


go_id: GO:0004844
term: uracil DNA N-glycosylase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar, releasing a free base and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove uracil bases in DNA that result from the deamination of cytosine or the misincorporation of dUTP opposite an adenine.


go_id: GO:0004847
term: urea carboxylase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + bicarbonate + urea = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + urea-1-carboxylate.


go_id: GO:0004851
term: uroporphyrin-III C-methyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + uroporphyrin III = 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin-2.


go_id: GO:0004859
term: phospholipase inhibitor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.


go_id: GO:0004860
term: protein kinase inhibitor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.


go_id: GO:0004864
term: protein phosphatase inhibitor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein phosphatase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphate groups from phosphorylated proteins.


go_id: GO:0004865
term: protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate.


go_id: GO:0004866
term: endopeptidase inhibitor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes nonterminal peptide bonds in polypeptides.


go_id: GO:0004867
term: serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of serine-type endopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain; a serine residue (and a histidine residue) are at the active center of the enzyme.


go_id: GO:0004869
term: cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in polypeptides by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


go_id: GO:0004871
term: signal transducer activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.


go_id: GO:0004873
term: asialoglycoprotein receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Receiving an asialoglycoprotein, and delivering the asialoglycoprotein into the cell via endocytosis. An asialoglycoprotein is a plasma glycoproteins from which the terminal sialic acid residue on their complex carbohydrate groups has been removed. The asialoglycoprotein receptor recognizes the terminal galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine units of the asialoglycoprotein, the receptor-ligand complex is internalized and transported to a sorting organelle where disassociation occurs before the receptor is recycled to the cell membrane.


go_id: GO:0004874
term: aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an aryl hydrocarbon and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor which translocates to the nucleus to activate transcription upon ligand-binding.


go_id: GO:0004875
term: complement receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with any component or product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004876
term: complement component C3a receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with the C3a product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004877
term: complement component C3b receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with the C3b product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004878
term: complement component C5a receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with the C5a product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004880
term: juvenile hormone receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with juvenile hormone and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.


go_id: GO:0004882
term: androgen receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an androgen and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with an androgen response element in DNA in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.


go_id: GO:0004883
term: glucocorticoid receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a glucocorticoid and transmitting the signal within the cell trigger a change in cell activity or function.


go_id: GO:0004884
term: ecdysteroid hormone receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an ecdysteroid hormone and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.


go_id: GO:0004886
term: 9-cis retinoic acid receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with 9-cis retinoic acid and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.


go_id: GO:0004887
term: thyroid hormone receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with thyroid hormone and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.


go_id: GO:0004888
term: transmembrane signaling receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004890
term: GABA-A receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) to initiate a change in cell activity. GABA-A receptors function as chloride channels.


go_id: GO:0032394
term: MHC class Ib receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an MHC class Ib protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.


go_id: GO:0032395
term: MHC class II receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an MHC class II protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0030246
term: carbohydrate binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.


go_id: GO:0004896
term: cytokine receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004897
term: ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004915
term: interleukin-6 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-6 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004921
term: interleukin-11 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-11 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004900
term: erythropoietin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with erythropoietin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004901
term: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004902
term: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004903
term: growth hormone receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a growth hormone and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004904
term: interferon receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004905
term: type I interferon receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a type I interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


go_id: GO:0004906
term: interferon-gamma receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interferon-gamma (a type II interferon) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004908
term: interleukin-1 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-1 to initiate a change in cell activity. Interleukin-1 is produced mainly by activated macrophages and is involved in the inflammatory response.


go_id: GO:0004909
term: interleukin-1, Type I, activating receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-1 to initiate a change in cell activity via signaling pathways and mediated by adaptor proteins.


go_id: GO:0004910
term: interleukin-1, Type II, blocking receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-1 to initiate a change in cell activity by inhibiting the activity of type I interleukin receptors.


go_id: GO:0004911
term: interleukin-2 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-2 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004912
term: interleukin-3 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-3 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004913
term: interleukin-4 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-4 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004914
term: interleukin-5 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-5 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004917
term: interleukin-7 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-7 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004918
term: interleukin-8 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-8 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004919
term: interleukin-9 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-9 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004920
term: interleukin-10 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with interleukin-10 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004923
term: leukemia inhibitory factor receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004924
term: oncostatin-M receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with oncostatin-M and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004925
term: prolactin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with prolactin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0008288
term: boss receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a protein bride of sevenless (boss) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.


go_id: GO:0042813
term: Wnt-activated receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a Wnt protein and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0016055
term: Wnt signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.


go_id: GO:0007223
term: Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).


go_id: GO:0004930
term: G-protein coupled receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


go_id: GO:0004931
term: extracellular ATP-gated cation channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when extracellular ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0004935
term: adrenergic receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


go_id: GO:0004936
term: alpha-adrenergic receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha-adrenergic receptors.


go_id: GO:0004937
term: alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha1-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gq alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.


go_id: GO:0004938
term: alpha2-adrenergic receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha2-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gi alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.


go_id: GO:0004939
term: beta-adrenergic receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gs alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.


go_id: GO:0004940
term: beta1-adrenergic receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta1-adrenergic receptors.


go_id: GO:0004941
term: beta2-adrenergic receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta2-adrenergic receptors.


go_id: GO:0004945
term: angiotensin type II receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
An angiotensin receptor activity that acts via Gi protein coupling and cGMP (NO) generation, and may also act via additional signaling mechanisms.


go_id: GO:0004948
term: calcitonin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with calcitonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


go_id: GO:0004949
term: cannabinoid receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a cannabinoid to initiate a change in cell activity. Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that include the endocannabinoids and the phytocannabinoids.


go_id: GO:0004950
term: chemokine receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a chemokine, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


go_id: GO:0004951
term: cholecystokinin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with cholecystokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein to initiate a change in cell activity. Cholecystokinin can act as a neuropeptide or as a gastrointestinal hormone.


go_id: GO:0004954
term: prostanoid receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a prostanoid, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure, to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0004961
term: thromboxane A2 receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with thromboxane A2 (TXA(2)) and transmitting the signal across the membrane to activate an associated G-protein.


go_id: GO:0004962
term: endothelin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with endothelin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


go_id: GO:0004965
term: G-protein coupled GABA receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


go_id: GO:0004967
term: glucagon receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with glucagon and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


go_id: GO:0004968
term: gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with gonadotropin-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.


go_id: GO:0004969
term: histamine receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with histamine to initiate a change in cell activity. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.


go_id: GO:0004970
term: ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0004971
term: AMPA glutamate receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate and acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium, potassium, and, in the absence of a GluR2 subunit, calcium.


go_id: GO:0004972
term: NMDA glutamate receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits slow gating by glutamate, acts by opening a nonselective cation channel, and can be activated by L-aspartate.


go_id: GO:0004974
term: leukotriene receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a leukotriene to initiate a change in cell activity. Leukotrienes are pharmacologically active substances with a set of three conjugated double bonds; some contain a peptide group based on cysteine.


go_id: GO:0004979
term: beta-endorphin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with beta-endorphin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Beta-endorphin is a peptide, 31 amino acids long, resulting from processing of the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC).


go_id: GO:0004984
term: olfactory receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell.


go_id: GO:0004985
term: opioid receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an opioid (any narcotic derived from or resembling opium), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


go_id: GO:0038046
term: enkephalin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an enkephalin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. A enkephalin is a pentapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met or Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu) involved in regulating nociception in the body.


go_id: GO:0038048
term: dynorphin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a dynorphin peptide, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Dynorphin is any opioid peptide that is generated by cleavage of the precursor protein prodynorphin.


go_id: GO:0038047
term: morphine receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with morphine (17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5alpha-epoxymorphinan-3,6alpha-diol), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


go_id: GO:0004989
term: octopamine receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with the biogenic amine octopamine to initiate a change in cell activity. Octopamine is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates and can have properties both of a hormone and a neurotransmitter and acts as an adrenergic agonist.


go_id: GO:0004993
term: serotonin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.


go_id: GO:0004994
term: somatostatin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with somatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity. Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system by signaling via G-protein coupled somatostatin receptors. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by proteolytic cleavage: a 14 amino acid peptide (SST-14) and a 28 amino acid peptide (SST-28).


go_id: GO:0004995
term: tachykinin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a tachykinin neuropeptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


go_id: GO:0004998
term: transferrin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining selectively with transferrin, and delivering transferrin into the cell via endocytosis. Transferrin is a major iron carrier protein in vertebrates.


go_id: GO:0005001
term: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.


go_id: GO:0005006
term: epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an epidermal growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005007
term: fibroblast growth factor-activated receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a fibroblast growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005008
term: hepatocyte growth factor-activated receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with hepatocyte growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005009
term: insulin-activated receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with insulin and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005010
term: insulin-like growth factor-activated receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with insulin-like growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005011
term: macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.


go_id: GO:0007165
term: signal transduction
ontology: BP
definition:
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.


go_id: GO:0019838
term: growth factor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate.


go_id: GO:0043121
term: neurotrophin binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth.


go_id: GO:0005017
term: platelet-derived growth factor-activated receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with platelet-derived growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005018
term: platelet-derived growth factor alpha-receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with platelet-derived growth factor isoform PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB or PDGF-AB to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005019
term: platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with platelet-derived growth factor isoform PDGF-BB or PDGF-AB to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005020
term: stem cell factor receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with stem cell factor (SCF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate. Stem cell factor is a cytokine that stimulates mast cell growth and differentiation.


go_id: GO:0005021
term: vascular endothelial growth factor-activated receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005024
term: transforming growth factor beta-activated receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


go_id: GO:0005025
term: transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type I
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a complex of transforming growth factor beta and a type II TGF-beta receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of TGF-beta signals.


go_id: GO:0005026
term: transforming growth factor beta receptor activity, type II
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a type I TGF-beta receptor.


go_id: GO:0005031
term: tumor necrosis factor-activated receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, to initiate a change in cell function.


go_id: GO:0042615
term: CD154 receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with CD154, a receptor found on the surface of some activated lymphocytes.


go_id: GO:0042614
term: CD70 receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CD70, a receptor found on the surface of most activated B cells and some activated T cells.


go_id: GO:0005030
term: neurotrophin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005034
term: osmosensor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Sensing extracellular osmolarity to initiate a change in cell activity, and spanning the membrane of the cell.


go_id: GO:0005035
term: death receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an extracellular messenger (called a death ligand), and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic or necrotic cell death.


go_id: GO:0005123
term: death receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any member of the death receptor (DR) family. The DR family falls within the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is characterized by a cytoplasmic region of ~80 residues termed the death domain (DD).


go_id: GO:0005040
term: decoy death receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an extracellular messenger (death ligand) without transmission of the signal. Decoy death receptors compete with death receptors for ligand binding, and do not initiate apoptosis.


go_id: GO:0005041
term: low-density lipoprotein receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the low-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis.


go_id: GO:0005042
term: netrin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005043
term: netrin receptor activity involved in chemorepulsion
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to contribute to the directed movement of a motile cell away from a higher concentration of netrin.


go_id: GO:0005044
term: scavenger receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, beta-amyloid fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs).


go_id: GO:0005783
term: endoplasmic reticulum
ontology: CC
definition:
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).


go_id: GO:0005046
term: KDEL sequence binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a KDEL sequence, the C terminus tetrapeptide sequence Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu found in proteins that are to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum.


go_id: GO:0005048
term: signal sequence binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a signal sequence, a specific peptide sequence found on protein precursors or mature proteins that dictates where the mature protein is localized.


go_id: GO:0005049
term: nuclear export signal receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a nuclear export signal (NES) to mediate transport of the NES-containing protein through the nuclear pore to the cytoplasm.


go_id: GO:0005777
term: peroxisome
ontology: CC
definition:
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.


go_id: GO:0005052
term: peroxisome matrix targeting signal-1 binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 1 peroxisome targeting signal, a tripeptide with the consensus sequence (S/A/C)-(K/R/H)-L.


go_id: GO:0005053
term: peroxisome matrix targeting signal-2 binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type 2 peroxisome targeting signal, a nonapeptide with a broad consensus sequence of (R/K)-(L/V/I)-(XXXXX)-(H/Q)-(L/A/F).


go_id: GO:0005055
term: laminin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a laminin, a glycoprotein that constitutes the majority of proteins in the basement membrane, to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005056
term: tiggrin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with the extracellular matrix ligand tiggrin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0005057
term: receptor signaling protein activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Conveys a signal from an upstream receptor or intracellular signal transducer, converting the signal into a form where it can ultimately trigger a change in the state or activity of a cell.


go_id: GO:0007169
term: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0035556
term: intracellular signal transduction
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.


go_id: GO:0005068
term: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase adaptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


go_id: GO:0005070
term: SH3/SH2 adaptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and simultaneously with one or more signal transduction molecules, usually acting as a scaffold to bring these molecules into close proximity either using their own SH2/SH3 domains (e.g. Grb2) or those of their target molecules (e.g. SAM68).


go_id: GO:0007178
term: transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0005072
term: transforming growth factor beta receptor, cytoplasmic mediator activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Activity of any of the molecules that transmit the signal from a TGF-beta receptor through the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


go_id: GO:0030616
term: transforming growth factor beta receptor, common-partner cytoplasmic mediator activity
ontology: MF
definition:
A TGF-beta cytoplasmic mediator that forms a complex with a phosphorylated pathway-specific mediator. The heterocomplex translocates to the nucleus to regulate transcription.


go_id: GO:0030617
term: transforming growth factor beta receptor, inhibitory cytoplasmic mediator activity
ontology: MF
definition:
A TGF-beta cytoplasmic mediator that inhibits the signaling function of common-partner and pathway-specific mediators.


go_id: GO:0030618
term: transforming growth factor beta receptor, pathway-specific cytoplasmic mediator activity
ontology: MF
definition:
A TGF-beta cytoplasmic mediator that is phosphorylated by a TGFbeta receptor and complexes with a common-partner mediator. The- heterocomplex translocates to the nucleus to regulate transcription.


go_id: GO:0005078
term: MAP-kinase scaffold activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The binding activity of a molecule that functions as a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) complex. Binds multiple kinases of the MAPKKK cascade, and also upstream signaling proteins, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Bringing together multiple enzymes and their substrates enables the signal to be transduced quickly and efficiently.


go_id: GO:0005085
term: guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.


go_id: GO:0005086
term: ARF guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with the GTPase ARF. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.


go_id: GO:0005087
term: Ran guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Ran family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.


go_id: GO:0005088
term: Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.


go_id: GO:0005089
term: Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Rho family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.


go_id: GO:0005090
term: Sar guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Sar family. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.


go_id: GO:0005091
term: guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor adaptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor and one or more other proteins, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


go_id: GO:0005095
term: GTPase inhibitor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and orthophosphate.


go_id: GO:0005105
term: type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1).


go_id: GO:0046658
term: anchored component of plasma membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group, that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping.


go_id: GO:0005887
term: integral component of plasma membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.


go_id: GO:0005111
term: type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2).


go_id: GO:0005113
term: patched binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the patched (ptc) protein, a receptor for hedgehog proteins.


go_id: GO:0005115
term: receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror).


go_id: GO:0005117
term: wishful thinking binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with wishful thinking (Wit), a type II bone morphogenic protein receptor.


go_id: GO:0005118
term: sevenless binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the sevenless (sev) protein, a receptor tyrosine kinase.


go_id: GO:0005119
term: smoothened binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the smoothened (smo) protein, which interacts with patched to transmit hedgehog signals.


go_id: GO:0005122
term: torso binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the torso (tor) protein, a receptor tyrosine kinase.


go_id: GO:0005124
term: scavenger receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with scavenger receptors, a family of proteins that are expressed on myeloid cells and are involved in the uptake of effete cellular components and foreign particles.


go_id: GO:0005125
term: cytokine activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.


go_id: GO:0005129
term: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor.


go_id: GO:0005132
term: type I interferon receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an interferon-type I receptor, a heterodimeric complex composed of an alpha subunit (IFNAR1) and a beta subunit (IFNAR2).


go_id: GO:0045741
term: positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.


go_id: GO:0007175
term: negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.


go_id: GO:0005173
term: stem cell factor receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the stem cell factor receptor (SCFR), a type III transmembrane kinase receptor.


go_id: GO:0005174
term: CD40 receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with CD40, a receptor found on the surface of all B-lymphocytes.


go_id: GO:0005175
term: CD27 receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a CD27, a receptor found on the surface of T cells and some B cells and NK cells.


go_id: GO:0005176
term: ErbB-2 class receptor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor Neu/ErbB-2/HER2.


go_id: GO:0042043
term: neurexin family protein binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with neurexins, synaptic cell surface proteins related to latrotoxin receptor, laminin and agrin. Neurexins act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.


go_id: GO:0005179
term: hormone activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.


go_id: GO:0005183
term: gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The action characteristic of gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH), any of a family of decapeptide amide hormones that are released by the hypothalamus in response to neural and/or chemical stimuli. In at least mammals, upon receptor binding, GnRH causes the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary.


go_id: GO:0005184
term: neuropeptide hormone activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The action characteristic of a neuropeptide hormone, any peptide hormone that acts in the central nervous system. A neuropeptide is any of several types of molecules found in brain tissue, composed of short chains of amino acids; they include endorphins, enkephalins, vasopressin, and others. They are often localized in axon terminals at synapses and are classified as putative neurotransmitters, although some are also hormones.


go_id: GO:0005185
term: neurohypophyseal hormone activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The action characteristic of a neurohypophyseal hormone, any of a family of structurally and functionally related nonapeptides that are synthesized as part of a larger precursor molecule comprising a signal peptide, the nonapeptide hormone, and a neurophysin.


go_id: GO:0005186
term: pheromone activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The activity of binding to and activating specific cell surface receptors, thereby inducing behavioral, developmental, or physiological response(s) from a responding organism or cell. The substance may be released or retained on the cell surface. Pheromones may serve as a specific attractant, social communicator, or sexual stimulant.


go_id: GO:0005198
term: structural molecule activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell.


go_id: GO:0005581
term: collagen trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures.


go_id: GO:0005213
term: structural constituent of chorion
ontology: MF
definition:
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a chorion. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0005214
term: structural constituent of chitin-based cuticle
ontology: MF
definition:
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a chitin-based cuticle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0005215
term: transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.


go_id: GO:0005216
term: ion channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size).


go_id: GO:0005217
term: intracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0005218
term: intracellular ligand-gated calcium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0005219
term: ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0005220
term: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0005221
term: intracellular cyclic nucleotide activated cation channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0005222
term: intracellular cAMP activated cation channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cAMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0005223
term: intracellular cGMP activated cation channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cGMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0005224
term: ATP-binding and phosphorylation-dependent chloride channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0005225
term: volume-sensitive anion channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a volume-sensitive channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A volume-sensitive channel is a channel that responds to changes in the volume of a cell.


go_id: GO:0005227
term: calcium activated cation channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.


go_id: GO:0005228
term: intracellular sodium activated potassium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel that opens in response to stimulus by a sodium ion or ions. Transport by a channel involves facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. Sodium activated potassium channels have distinctive properties, including a large single channel conductance, subconductance states, and a block of single channel currents at positive potentials, similar to inward rectification.


go_id: GO:0005229
term: intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of chloride by a channel that opens in response to stimulus by a calcium ion or ions. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


go_id: GO:0005230
term: extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0005231
term: excitatory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular excitatory ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. Excitatory ligands, such as acetylcholine or glutamate, open cation-selective channels.


go_id: GO:0005232
term: serotonin-activated cation-selective channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts, and that is activated by serotonin.


go_id: GO:0005234
term: extracellular-glutamate-gated ion channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when extracellular glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


go_id: GO:0005237
term: inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular inhibitory ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. Inhibitory ligands, such as GABA or glycine, open chloride-selective channels.


go_id: GO:0005242
term: inward rectifier potassium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force. The inward-rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by a specific ligand or ligands, and as a result the macroscopic conductance depends on the difference between membrane voltage and the K+ equilibrium potential rather than on membrane voltage itself.


go_id: GO:0005243
term: gap junction channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from one cell to an adjacent cell. The gap junction can pass large solutes as well as electrical signals between cells. Gap junctions consist of two gap junction hemi-channels, or connexons, one contributed by each membrane through which the gap junction passes.


go_id: GO:0005244
term: voltage-gated ion channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


go_id: GO:0005245
term: voltage-gated calcium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


go_id: GO:0005247
term: voltage-gated chloride channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


go_id: GO:0005248
term: voltage-gated sodium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


go_id: GO:0005249
term: voltage-gated potassium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


go_id: GO:0005250
term: A-type (transient outward) potassium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel that produces a transient outward current upon a step change in membrane potential.


go_id: GO:0005251
term: delayed rectifier potassium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a delayed rectifying voltage-gated channel. A delayed rectifying current-voltage relation is one where channel activation kinetics are time-dependent, and inactivation is slow.


go_id: GO:0005252
term: open rectifier potassium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an open rectifier voltage-gated channel. An open rectifier current-voltage relationship is one in which the direction of rectification depends on the external potassium ion concentration.


go_id: GO:0005253
term: anion channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the selective, energy-independent passage of anions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.


go_id: GO:0005254
term: chloride channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the selective, facilitated diffusion of a chloride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


go_id: GO:0005260
term: channel-conductance-controlling ATPase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. An animal enzyme that is active in forming a chloride channel, the absence of which brings about cystic fibrosis. It is also involved in the functioning of other transmembrane channels.


go_id: GO:0005261
term: cation channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the selective, energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.


go_id: GO:0005262
term: calcium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the selective, facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


go_id: GO:0005267
term: potassium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the selective, facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


go_id: GO:0005272
term: sodium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables selective, facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


go_id: GO:0005274
term: allantoin uptake transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: allantoin(out) + H+(out) = allantoin(in) + H+(in) by secondary active transport.


go_id: GO:0005275
term: amine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of the membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.


go_id: GO:0005276
term: vesicular hydrogen:amino acid antiporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a vesicle membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(in) + amino acid(out) = H+(out) + amino acid(in).


go_id: GO:0005277
term: acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of the membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.


go_id: GO:0005278
term: acetylcholine:proton antiporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + acetylcholine(in) = H+(in) + acetylcholine(out).


go_id: GO:0005280
term: hydrogen:amino acid symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + H+(out) = amino acid(in) + H+(in).


go_id: GO:0015171
term: amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.


go_id: GO:0005287
term: high-affinity basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have a pH above 7. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


go_id: GO:0005289
term: high-affinity arginine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of arginine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


go_id: GO:0005290
term: L-histidine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of L-histidine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-histidine is 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0005291
term: high-affinity L-histidine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of L-histidine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-histidine is 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


go_id: GO:0005292
term: high-affinity lysine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of lysine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


go_id: GO:0005294
term: neutral L-amino acid secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a neutral L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.


go_id: GO:0005295
term: neutral amino acid:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neutral amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = neutral amino acid(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005297
term: hydrogen:proline symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: proline(out) + H+(out) = proline(in) + H+(in).


go_id: GO:0005298
term: proline:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: proline(out) + Na+(out) = proline(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005300
term: high-affinity tryptophan transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the high-affinity transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


go_id: GO:0005302
term: L-tyrosine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of L-tyrosine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-tyrosine is 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0015196
term: L-tryptophan transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0005307
term: choline:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: choline(out) + Na+(out) = choline(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005308
term: creatine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the directed movement of creatine across a membrane. Creatine is a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.


go_id: GO:0005309
term: creatine:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: creatine(out) + Na+(out) = creatine(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005310
term: dicarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups.


go_id: GO:0005343
term: organic acid:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: organic acid(out) + Na+(out) = organic acid(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0015142
term: tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of tricarboxylic acids from one side of the membrane to the other. Tricarboxylic acid are organic acids with three COOH groups.


go_id: GO:0005313
term: L-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of L-glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamate is the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


go_id: GO:0005314
term: high-affinity glutamate transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glutamate(out) + H+(out) = glutamate(in) + H+(in). In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


go_id: GO:0005315
term: inorganic phosphate transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of a inorganic phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.


go_id: GO:0005316
term: high-affinity inorganic phosphate:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: HPO42-(out) + Na+(out) = HPO42-(in) + Na+(in). In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


go_id: GO:0015317
term: phosphate:proton symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: phosphate(out) + H+(out) = phosphate(in) + H+(in).


go_id: GO:0005325
term: peroxisomal fatty-acyl-CoA transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + fatty acyl CoA(cis) = ADP + phosphate + fatty acyl CoA(trans). The transport of fatty acyl CoA into and out of peroxisomes.


go_id: GO:0005326
term: neurotransmitter transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.


go_id: GO:0005328
term: neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neurotransmitter(out) + Na+(out) = neurotransmitter(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005329
term: dopamine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of dopamine from one side of the membrane to the other. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


go_id: GO:0005330
term: dopamine:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dopamine(out) + Na+(out) = dopamine(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005332
term: gamma-aminobutyric acid:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid(out) + Na+(out) = gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005333
term: norepinephrine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of norepinephrine from one side of the membrane to the other. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


go_id: GO:0005334
term: norepinephrine:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: norepinephrine(out) + Na+(out) = norepinephrine(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005335
term: serotonin:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: serotonin(out) + Na+(out) = serotonin(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005338
term: nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of a nucleotide-sugar from one side of the membrane to the other. A nucleotide-sugar is any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


go_id: GO:0005342
term: organic acid transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, from one side of the membrane to the other.


go_id: GO:0005345
term: purine nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other.


go_id: GO:0005346
term: purine ribonucleotide transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


go_id: GO:0005350
term: pyrimidine nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of pyrimidine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other.


go_id: GO:0005351
term: sugar:proton symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sugar(out) + H+(out) = sugar(in) + H+(in).


go_id: GO:0005352
term: alpha-glucoside:proton symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: alpha-glucoside(out) + H+(out) = alpha-glucoside(in) + H+(in). Alpha-glucosides include trehalose, maltose, turanose, isomaltose, alpha-methylglucoside, maltotriose, palatinose, trehalose and melezitose.


go_id: GO:0005353
term: fructose transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of fructose from one side of the membrane to the other. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.


go_id: GO:0005354
term: galactose transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of galactose from one side of the membrane to the other. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.


go_id: GO:0005355
term: glucose transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of the membrane to the other.


go_id: GO:0005356
term: hydrogen:glucose symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


go_id: GO:0005357
term: constitutive hydrogen:glucose symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. This activity is constitutive and therefore always present, regardless of demand. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


go_id: GO:0005358
term: high-affinity hydrogen:glucose symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. This activity is constitutive and therefore always present, regardless of demand. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


go_id: GO:0005359
term: low-affinity hydrogen:glucose symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


go_id: GO:0005360
term: insulin-responsive hydrogen:glucose symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+, in response to a stimulus by insulin. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


go_id: GO:0005362
term: low-affinity glucose:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + Na+(out) = glucose(in) + Na+(in). In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


go_id: GO:0005363
term: maltose transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of maltose from one side of the membrane to the other. Maltose is the disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate in the enzymatic breakdown of glycogen and starch.


go_id: GO:0005364
term: maltose:proton symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: maltose(out) + H+(out) = maltose(in) + H+(in).


go_id: GO:0005365
term: myo-inositol transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of myo-inositol from one side of the membrane to the other. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.


go_id: GO:0005366
term: myo-inositol:proton symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: myo-inositol(out) + H+(out) = myo-inositol(in) + H+(in).


go_id: GO:0005367
term: myo-inositol:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: myo-inositol(out) + Na+(out) = myo-inositol(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005368
term: taurine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of taurine from one side of the membrane to the other. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative which is important in the metabolism of fats.


go_id: GO:0005369
term: taurine:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: taurine(out) + Na+(out) = taurine(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005371
term: tricarboxylate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of tricarboxylate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.


go_id: GO:0015291
term: secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy, not direct ATP coupling. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.


go_id: GO:0005388
term: calcium-transporting ATPase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ca2+(cis) = ADP + phosphate + Ca2+(trans).


go_id: GO:0005391
term: sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) + K+(in).


go_id: GO:0005395
term: eye pigment precursor transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + eye pigment precursor(in) = ADP + phosphate + eye pigment precursor(out).


go_id: GO:0043267
term: negative regulation of potassium ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0005402
term: cation:sugar symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sugar(out) + cation(out) = sugar(in) + cation(in).


go_id: GO:0005412
term: glucose:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + Na+(out) = glucose(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005415
term: nucleoside:sodium symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nucleoside(out) + Na+(out) = nucleoside(in) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005416
term: cation:amino acid symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + cation(out) = amino acid(in) + cation(in).


go_id: GO:0005427
term: proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a oligopeptide from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by proton movement.


go_id: GO:0005432
term: calcium:sodium antiporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0005436
term: sodium:phosphate symporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + phosphate(out) = Na+(in) + phosphate(in).


go_id: GO:0005451
term: monovalent cation:proton antiporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monovalent cation(out) + H+(in) = monovalent cation(in) + H+(out).


go_id: GO:0005452
term: inorganic anion exchanger activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: inorganic anion A(out) + inorganic anion B(in) = inorganic anion A(in) + inorganic anion B(out).


go_id: GO:0005457
term: GDP-fucose transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of a GDP-fucose from one side of the membrane to the other. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0005458
term: GDP-mannose transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of a GDP-mannose from one side of the membrane to the other. GDP-mannose is a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0005459
term: UDP-galactose transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a UDP-galactose from one side of the membrane to the other. UDP-galactose is a substance composed of galactose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0005460
term: UDP-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of a UDP-glucose from one side of the membrane to the other. UDP-glucose is a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0005461
term: UDP-glucuronic acid transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a UDP-glucuronic acid from one side of the membrane to the other. UDP-glucuronic acid is a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0005462
term: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from one side of the membrane to the other. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0005463
term: UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a N-acetylgalactosamine from one side of the membrane to the other. N-acetylgalactosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0005464
term: UDP-xylose transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of UDP-xylose from one side of the membrane to the other. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0005469
term: succinate:fumarate antiporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: succinate(out) + fumarate(in) = succinate(in) + fumarate(out).


go_id: GO:0005472
term: FAD carrier activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of flavin adenine dinucleotide from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.


go_id: GO:0005476
term: carnitine:acyl carnitine antiporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: carnitine (mitochondrial) + acyl carnitine (cytoplasm) = carnitine (cytoplasm) + acyl carnitine (mitochondrial).


go_id: GO:0005477
term: pyruvate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of pyruvate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport.


go_id: GO:0007033
term: vacuole organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.


go_id: GO:0007086
term: vesicle fusion with nuclear membrane involved in mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process that results in the joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the nucleus, and contributes to mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly.


go_id: GO:0019817
term: vesicle fusion with peroxisome
ontology: BP
definition:
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the peroxisome.


go_id: GO:0006903
term: vesicle targeting
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.


go_id: GO:0016080
term: synaptic vesicle targeting
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which synaptic vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.


go_id: GO:0005483
term: soluble NSF attachment protein activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with both N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) and a cis-SNARE complex (i.e. a SNARE complex in which all proteins are associated with the same membrane) and increasing the ATPase activity of NSF, thereby allowing ATP hydrolysis by NSF to disassemble the cis-SNARE complex.


go_id: GO:0005484
term: SNAP receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Acting as a marker to identify a membrane and interacting selectively with one or more SNAREs on another membrane to mediate membrane fusion.


go_id: GO:0005488
term: binding
ontology: MF
definition:
The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


go_id: GO:0005496
term: steroid binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.


go_id: GO:0005499
term: vitamin D binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


go_id: GO:0005500
term: juvenile hormone binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with juvenile hormone, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


go_id: GO:0005501
term: retinoid binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.


go_id: GO:0005502
term: 11-cis retinal binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 11-cis retinal, an isomer of retinal that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin or visual purple. Retinal is one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.


go_id: GO:0005503
term: all-trans retinal binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with all-trans retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. All-trans retinal (trans r., visual yellow) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.


go_id: GO:0005504
term: fatty acid binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


go_id: GO:0005513
term: detection of calcium ion
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


go_id: GO:0051208
term: sequestering of calcium ion
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


go_id: GO:0005516
term: calmodulin binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states.


go_id: GO:0005518
term: collagen binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).


go_id: GO:0005519
term: cytoskeletal regulatory protein binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein involved in modulating the reorganization of the cytoskeleton.


go_id: GO:0005520
term: insulin-like growth factor binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an insulin-like growth factor, any member of a group of polypeptides that are structurally homologous to insulin and share many of its biological activities, but are immunologically distinct from it.


go_id: GO:0005522
term: profilin binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with profilin, an actin-binding protein that forms a complex with G-actin and prevents it from polymerizing to form F-actin.


go_id: GO:0005523
term: tropomyosin binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with tropomyosin, a protein associated with actin filaments both in cytoplasm and, in association with troponin, in the thin filament of striated muscle.


go_id: GO:0005524
term: ATP binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


go_id: GO:0005527
term: macrolide binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a macrolide, any of a large group of structurally related antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species.


go_id: GO:0005534
term: galactose binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the aldohexose galactose (galacto-hexose), a common constituent of many oligo- and polysaccharides.


go_id: GO:0005537
term: mannose binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with mannose, a monosaccharide hexose, stereoisomeric with glucose, that occurs naturally only in polymerized forms called mannans.


go_id: GO:0046871
term: N-acetylgalactosamine binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with N-acetylgalactosamine, 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactopyranose, the n-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.


go_id: GO:0005539
term: glycosaminoglycan binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.


go_id: GO:0005540
term: hyaluronic acid binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine.


go_id: GO:0005542
term: folic acid binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.


go_id: GO:0005543
term: phospholipid binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


go_id: GO:0005544
term: calcium-dependent phospholipid binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester, in the presence of calcium.


go_id: GO:0005545
term: 1-phosphatidylinositol binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


go_id: GO:0005546
term: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' and 5' positions.


go_id: GO:0005547
term: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3', 4' and 5' positions.


go_id: GO:0005548
term: phospholipid transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phospholipids are a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


go_id: GO:0005549
term: odorant binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.


go_id: GO:0005550
term: pheromone binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pheromone, a substance, or characteristic mixture of substances, that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.


go_id: GO:0031386
term: protein tag
ontology: MF
definition:
Acting as an indicator or marker to facilitate recognition by other molecules in the cell. Recognition of the tag, which can be covalently attached to the target molecule, may result in modification, sequestration, transport or degradation of the molecule in question.


go_id: GO:0030533
term: triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The codon binding activity of a tRNA that positions an activated amino acid, mediating its insertion at the correct point in the sequence of a nascent polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.


go_id: GO:0005840
term: ribosome
ontology: CC
definition:
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.


go_id: GO:0030555
term: RNA modification guide activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in an RNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.


go_id: GO:0005577
term: fibrinogen complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds.


go_id: GO:0005578
term: proteinaceous extracellular matrix
ontology: CC
definition:
A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.


go_id: GO:0005579
term: membrane attack complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex produced by sequentially activated components of the complement cascade inserted into a target cell membrane and forming a pore leading to cell lysis via ion and water flow.


go_id: GO:0005582
term: collagen type XV trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XV) chains; a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan often found in specialized basement membranes where it bridges between fibrils.


go_id: GO:0005584
term: collagen type I trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen trimer containing alpha(I) chains. The most common form of type I collagen is a heterotrimer containing two alpha1(I) chains and one alpha2(I) chain; homotrimers containing three alpha1(I) chains are also found. Type I collagen triple helices associate to form banded fibrils.


go_id: GO:0005585
term: collagen type II trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(II) chains; type II collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.


go_id: GO:0005586
term: collagen type III trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(III) chains; type III collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.


go_id: GO:0005587
term: collagen type IV trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form 3 dimensional nets within basement membranes.


go_id: GO:0005588
term: collagen type V trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen heterotrimer containing type V alpha chains; [alpha1(V)]2alpha2(V) and alpha1(V)alpha2(V)alpha3(V) trimers have been observed; type V collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.


go_id: GO:0005589
term: collagen type VI trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen heterotrimer containing type VI alpha chains in alpha1(VI)alpha2(VI)alpha3(VI) trimers; type VI collagen triple helices associate to form beaded fibrils.


go_id: GO:0005590
term: collagen type VII trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(VII) chains; type VII collagen triple helices form antiparallel dimer, which in turn associate laterally to form anchoring fibrils that connect type IV collagen in the basal lamina to plaques in the underlying connective tissue. It binds laminin.


go_id: GO:0005591
term: collagen type VIII trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen heterotrimer containing type VIII alpha chains; [alpha1(VIII)2]alpha2(VIII) and alpha1(VIII)[alpha2(VIII)]2 trimers have been observed; type VIII collagen triple helices associate to form regular hexagonal nets.


go_id: GO:0005592
term: collagen type XI trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen heterotrimer containing type XI alpha chains in alpha1(XI)alpha2(XI)alpha3(XI) trimers; type XI collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.


go_id: GO:0005593
term: FACIT collagen trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen trimer that associates with collagen fibrils and consists of collagen monomers that contain two or more relatively short triple-helical domains connected by non-triple-helical sequences.


go_id: GO:0005594
term: collagen type IX trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen heterotrimer containing type IX alpha chains in alpha1(IX)alpha2(IX)alpha3(IX) trimers; type IX collagen triple helices associate to form a structure that links glycosaminoglycans to type II collagen fibrils.


go_id: GO:0005595
term: collagen type XII trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XII) chains; type XII collagen triple helices may link sheet-forming or fibrillar collagens to other structures.


go_id: GO:0005596
term: collagen type XIV trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XIV) chains; type XIV collagen triple helices may link sheet-forming or fibrillar collagens to other structures.


go_id: GO:0005598
term: short-chain collagen trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
Any collagen trimer that does not form fibrils and that is relatively short compared to the collagen trimers that do form fibrils.


go_id: GO:0005599
term: collagen type X trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(X) chains; type X collagen triple helices form hexagonal networks (sheets).


go_id: GO:0005600
term: collagen type XIII trimer
ontology: CC
definition:
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XIII) chains; type XIII collagen triple helices span the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0005601
term: classical-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimeric protein complex that catalyzes the cleavage of complement components C3 and C5, and acts in the classical pathway of complement activation; consists of one monomer of C2a and one monomer of C4b; C2a is the catalytic subunit, but cannot catalyze cleavage alone.


go_id: GO:0005602
term: complement component C1 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex composed of six subunits of C1q, each formed of the three homologous polypeptide chains C1QA, C1QB, and C1QB, and tetramer of two C1QR and two C1QS polypeptide chains.


go_id: GO:0005604
term: basement membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
A thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.


go_id: GO:0005605
term: basal lamina
ontology: CC
definition:
A thin sheet of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, especially laminin, secreted by cells as an extracellular matrix.


go_id: GO:0008305
term: integrin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that is composed of one alpha subunit and one beta subunit, both of which are members of the integrin superfamily of cell adhesion receptors; the complex spans the plasma membrane and binds to extracellular matrix ligands, cell-surface ligands, and soluble ligands.


go_id: GO:0005614
term: interstitial matrix
ontology: CC
definition:
A type of extracellular matrix found in interstitial connective tissue, characterized by the presence of fibronectins, proteoglycans, and types I, III, V, VI, VII and XII collagens.


go_id: GO:0005615
term: extracellular space
ontology: CC
definition:
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.


go_id: GO:0005616
term: larval serum protein complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A multisubunit protein complex which, in Drosophila, is a heterohexamer of three subunits, alpha, beta and gamma. The complex is thought to store amino acids for synthesis of adult proteins.


go_id: GO:0005618
term: cell wall
ontology: CC
definition:
The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, most prokaryotic cells and some protozoan parasites, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan; in protozoan parasites such as Giardia species, it's made of carbohydrates and proteins.


go_id: GO:0005619
term: ascospore wall
ontology: CC
definition:
The specialized cell wall of the ascospore (spore), which is the product of meiotic division. Examples of this component are found in Fungi.


go_id: GO:0005621
term: cellular bud scar
ontology: CC
definition:
Crater-like ring of chitinous scar tissue located on the surface of the mother cell. It is formed after the newly emerged daughter cell separates thereby marking the site of cytokinesis and septation. The number of bud scars that accumulate on the surface of a cell is a useful determinant of replicative age.


go_id: GO:0005623
term: cell
ontology: CC
definition:
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.


go_id: GO:0005628
term: prospore membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
The prospore membrane is a double-membraned structure that extends from the cytoplasmic face of the spindle pole bodies to encompass the spindle pole bodies and the four nuclear lobes that are formed during meiosis. It helps isolate the meiotic nuclei from the cytoplasm during spore formation and serves as a foundation for the formation of the spore walls. An example of this component is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.


go_id: GO:0005634
term: nucleus
ontology: CC
definition:
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.


go_id: GO:0005635
term: nuclear envelope
ontology: CC
definition:
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).


go_id: GO:0005638
term: lamin filament
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. They are classified as lamins A, B and C.


go_id: GO:0005639
term: integral component of nuclear inner membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
The component of the nuclear inner membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.


go_id: GO:0005640
term: nuclear outer membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.


go_id: GO:0005642
term: annulate lamellae
ontology: CC
definition:
Stacks of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes containing a high density of nuclear pores, thought to form from excess nuclear membrane components, that have been described in a number of different cells. Annulate lamellar membranes are continuous with and embedded within the ER.


go_id: GO:0005643
term: nuclear pore
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of the numerous similar discrete openings in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.


go_id: GO:0008536
term: Ran GTPase binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Ran, a conserved Ras-like GTP-binding protein, implicated in nucleocytoplasmic transport, cell cycle progression, spindle assembly, nuclear organization and nuclear envelope (NE) assembly.


go_id: GO:0005737
term: cytoplasm
ontology: CC
definition:
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


go_id: GO:0005652
term: nuclear lamina
ontology: CC
definition:
The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a cell nucleus, composed of lamin filaments. The polypeptides of the lamina are thought to be concerned in the dissolution of the nuclear envelope and its re-formation during mitosis. The lamina is composed of lamin A and lamin C filaments cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice, which is attached via lamin B to the inner nuclear membrane through interactions with a lamin B receptor, an IFAP, in the membrane.


go_id: GO:0005655
term: nucleolar ribonuclease P complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A ribonuclease P complex located in the nucleolus of a eukaryotic cell, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. Eukaryotic nucleolar ribonuclease P complexes generally contain a single RNA molecule that is necessary but not sufficient for catalysis, and several protein molecules.


go_id: GO:0005656
term: nuclear pre-replicative complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein-DNA complex assembled at eukaryotic DNA replication origins during late mitosis and G1, allowing the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication. The complex normally includes the origin recognition complex (ORC), Cdc6, Cdt1 and the MiniChromosome Maintenance (Mcm2-7) proteins.


go_id: GO:0005657
term: replication fork
ontology: CC
definition:
The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.


go_id: GO:0005658
term: alpha DNA polymerase:primase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex of four polypeptides, comprising large and small DNA polymerase alpha subunits and two primase subunits, which catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA primer on the lagging strand of replicating DNA; the smaller of the two primase subunits alone can catalyze oligoribonucleotide synthesis.


go_id: GO:0005663
term: DNA replication factor C complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. In eukaryotes the complex consists of five polypeptides.


go_id: GO:0043626
term: PCNA complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex composed of three identical PCNA monomers, each comprising two similar domains, which are joined in a head-to-tail arrangement to form a homotrimer. Forms a ring-like structure in solution, with a central hole sufficiently large to accommodate the double helix of DNA. Originally characterized as a DNA sliding clamp for replicative DNA polymerases and as an essential component of the replisome, and has also been shown to be involved in other processes including Okazaki fragment processing, DNA repair, translesion DNA synthesis, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and cell cycle regulation.


go_id: GO:0005662
term: DNA replication factor A complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A conserved heterotrimeric complex that binds nonspecifically to single-stranded DNA and is required for multiple processes in eukaryotic DNA metabolism, including DNA replication, DNA repair, and recombination. In all eukaryotic organisms examined the complex is composed of subunits of approximately 70, 30, and 14 kDa.


go_id: GO:0005665
term: DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, core complex
ontology: CC
definition:
RNA polymerase II, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces mRNAs, snoRNAs, and some of the snRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II contains an essential carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) composed of a variable number of heptapeptide repeats (YSPTSPS). The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.


go_id: GO:0005666
term: DNA-directed RNA polymerase III complex
ontology: CC
definition:
RNA polymerase III, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces 5S rRNA, tRNAs and some of the small nuclear RNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase I and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and II. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.


go_id: GO:0005667
term: transcription factor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription.


go_id: GO:0005668
term: RNA polymerase transcription factor SL1 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A RNA polymerase I-specific transcription factor complex that contains the TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) and at least three TBP-associated factors including proteins known in mammals as TAFI110, TAFI63 and TAFI48.


go_id: GO:0005669
term: transcription factor TFIID complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters.


go_id: GO:0005671
term: Ada2/Gcn5/Ada3 transcription activator complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A multiprotein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase and is involved in regulation of transcription. Contains either GCN5 or PCAF in a mutually exclusive manner. The budding yeast complex includes Gcn5p, two proteins of the Ada family, and two TBP-associate proteins (TAFs); analogous complexes in other species have analogous compositions, and usually contain homologs of the yeast proteins. Both ATAC- or SAGA (see GO:0000124, SAGA complex) are involved in the acetylation of histone H3K9 and K14 residues.


go_id: GO:0005672
term: transcription factor TFIIA complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A component of the transcription machinery of RNA Polymerase II. In humans, TFIIA is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha (P35), beta (P19) and gamma subunits (P12).


go_id: GO:0005673
term: transcription factor TFIIE complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A transcription factor which in humans consists of a complex of two alpha and two beta chains. Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and helps activate both RNA polymerase II and TFIIH.


go_id: GO:0005674
term: transcription factor TFIIF complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A general transcription initiation factor which in humans consists of a heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the initiation complex and promotes translation elongation.


go_id: GO:0005675
term: holo TFIIH complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex that is capable of kinase activity directed towards the C-terminal Domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for initiation at RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro. It is composed of  the core TFIIH complex and the TFIIK complex.


go_id: GO:0005677
term: chromatin silencing complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing.


go_id: GO:0031497
term: chromatin assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The assembly of DNA, histone proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus.


go_id: GO:0005680
term: anaphase-promoting complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Substrate recognition by APC occurs through degradation signals, the most common of which is termed the Dbox degradation motif, originally discovered in cyclin B.


go_id: GO:0005681
term: spliceosomal complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA.


go_id: GO:0005683
term: U7 snRNP
ontology: CC
definition:
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the U7 snRNA and is required for the 3'-end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs.


go_id: GO:0005684
term: U2-type spliceosomal complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron that has canonical consensus sequences near the 5' and 3' ends.


go_id: GO:0005689
term: U12-type spliceosomal complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron; the series of U12-type spliceosomal complexes is involved in the splicing of the majority of introns that contain atypical AT-AC terminal dinucleotides, as well as other non-canonical introns. The entire splice site signal, not just the terminal dinucleotides, is involved in determining which spliceosome utilizes the site.


go_id: GO:0005694
term: chromosome
ontology: CC
definition:
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.


go_id: GO:0005697
term: telomerase holoenzyme complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits.


go_id: GO:0005700
term: polytene chromosome
ontology: CC
definition:
A type of chromosome in a polyploid cell, formed when multiple copies of homologous chromosomes are aligned side by side to give a giant chromosome in which distinct chromosome bands are readily visible.


go_id: GO:0005702
term: polytene chromosome weak point
ontology: CC
definition:
A region of the polytene chromosome where the diameter is considerably decreased, probably resulting from local differences in chromosome organization.


go_id: GO:0005703
term: polytene chromosome puff
ontology: CC
definition:
A swelling at a site along the length of a polytene chromosome, thought to be the site of active transcription.


go_id: GO:0005704
term: polytene chromosome band
ontology: CC
definition:
A stretch of densely packed chromatin along the polytene chromosome, visible as a morphologically distinct band.


go_id: GO:0005712
term: chiasma
ontology: CC
definition:
A connection formed between chromatids, visible during meiosis, thought to be the point of the interchange involved in crossing-over.


go_id: GO:0005714
term: early recombination nodule
ontology: CC
definition:
An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes in leptotene or zygotene during meiosis I.


go_id: GO:0005715
term: late recombination nodule
ontology: CC
definition:
An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes in pachytene during meiosis I.


go_id: GO:0005719
term: nuclear euchromatin
ontology: CC
definition:
The dispersed less dense form of chromatin in the interphase nucleus. It exists in at least two forms, a some being in the form of transcriptionally active chromatin which is the least condensed, while the rest is inactive euchromatin which is more condensed than active chromatin but less condensed than heterochromatin.


go_id: GO:0005720
term: nuclear heterochromatin
ontology: CC
definition:
A condensed form of chromatin, occurring in the nucleus during interphase, that stains strongly with basophilic dyes. The DNA of heterochromatin is typically replicated at a later stage in the cell-division cycle than euchromatin.


go_id: GO:0005721
term: pericentric heterochromatin
ontology: CC
definition:
Heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3.


go_id: GO:0005722
term: beta-heterochromatin
ontology: CC
definition:
A diffusely banded region of heterochromatin located between euchromatin and alpha-heterochromatin in the polytene chromosome chromocenter; normally replicated during polytenization.


go_id: GO:0005723
term: alpha-heterochromatin
ontology: CC
definition:
A small, compact region of heterochromatin located in the middle of the polytene chromosome chromocenter, which undergoes little or no replication during polytenization.


go_id: GO:0005725
term: intercalary heterochromatin
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of the regions of heterochromatin that form a reproducible set of dense bands scattered along the euchromatic arms in polytene chromosomes.


go_id: GO:0005726
term: perichromatin fibrils
ontology: CC
definition:
Structures of variable diameter visible in the nucleoplasm by electron microscopy, mainly observed near the border of condensed chromatin. The fibrils are enriched in RNA, and are believed to be sites of pre-mRNA splicing and polyadenylylation representing the in situ form of nascent transcripts.


go_id: GO:0005728
term: extrachromosomal rDNA circle
ontology: CC
definition:
Circular DNA molecules encoding ribosomal RNA that are replicated independently of chromosomal replication. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats.


go_id: GO:0005729
term: 2-micrometer circle DNA
ontology: CC
definition:
A plasmid commonly found in Saccharomyces, inherited in a non-Mendelian manner and often present in 100-400 copies.


go_id: GO:0005730
term: nucleolus
ontology: CC
definition:
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.


go_id: GO:0005731
term: nucleolus organizer region
ontology: CC
definition:
A region of a chromosome where nucleoli form during interphase, and where genes encoding the largest rRNA precursor transcript are tandemly arrayed.


go_id: GO:0005732
term: small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) family and associated proteins. Most are involved in a step of processing of rRNA: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation. The majority, though not all, fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type.


go_id: GO:0005736
term: DNA-directed RNA polymerase I complex
ontology: CC
definition:
RNA polymerase I, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces rRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase III and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases II and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.


go_id: GO:0005740
term: mitochondrial envelope
ontology: CC
definition:
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.


go_id: GO:0005742
term: mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates transport of proteins into all mitochondrial compartments.


go_id: GO:0005743
term: mitochondrial inner membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.


go_id: GO:0005744
term: mitochondrial inner membrane presequence translocase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
The protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that contains three essential Tim proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein Hsp70 to form an ATP-driven import motor.


go_id: GO:0005745
term: m-AAA complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that is involved in mitochondrial protein turnover and in processing of proteins imported into mitochondria.


go_id: GO:0005746
term: mitochondrial respiratory chain
ontology: CC
definition:
The protein complexes that form the mitochondrial electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


go_id: GO:0005747
term: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone.


go_id: GO:0005749
term: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II, succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone)
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain.


go_id: GO:0005750
term: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1.


go_id: GO:0005751
term: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).


go_id: GO:0005754
term: mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core
ontology: CC
definition:
The hexamer, comprising three alpha and three beta subunits, that possesses the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase.


go_id: GO:0045263
term: proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)
ontology: CC
definition:
All non-F1 subunits of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral membrane proteins.


go_id: GO:0005756
term: mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk
ontology: CC
definition:
One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the mitochondrial membrane-associated F0 proteins; rotates within the catalytic core during catalysis.


go_id: GO:0005757
term: mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that connects the inner and outer membranes of animal mitochondria and acts as a pore that can open transiently to allow free diffusion of solutes between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol. The pore complex is formed of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) and cyclophilin-D (CyP-D).


go_id: GO:0005759
term: mitochondrial matrix
ontology: CC
definition:
The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.


go_id: GO:0005760
term: gamma DNA polymerase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A DNA polymerase complex consisting of a large subunit, responsible for the catalytic activities, and a small accessory subunit. Functions in the replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA.


go_id: GO:0005761
term: mitochondrial ribosome
ontology: CC
definition:
A ribosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell; contains a characteristic set of proteins distinct from those of cytosolic ribosomes.


go_id: GO:0005762
term: mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit
ontology: CC
definition:
The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).


go_id: GO:0005767
term: secondary lysosome
ontology: CC
definition:
Vacuole formed by the fusion of a lysosome with an organelle (autosome) or with a primary phagosome.


go_id: GO:0005769
term: early endosome
ontology: CC
definition:
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.


go_id: GO:0005770
term: late endosome
ontology: CC
definition:
A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.


go_id: GO:0005771
term: multivesicular body
ontology: CC
definition:
A type of endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.


go_id: GO:0005774
term: vacuolar membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.


go_id: GO:0005776
term: autophagosome
ontology: CC
definition:
A double-membrane-bounded compartment that engulfs endogenous cellular material as well as invading microorganisms to target them to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation as part of macroautophagy.


go_id: GO:0005779
term: integral component of peroxisomal membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
The component of the peroxisomal membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.


go_id: GO:0005780
term: extrinsic component of intraperoxisomal membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
The component of the intraperoxisomal membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


go_id: GO:0006625
term: protein targeting to peroxisome
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein.


go_id: GO:0044439
term: peroxisomal part
ontology: CC
definition:
Any constituent part of a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


go_id: GO:0005782
term: peroxisomal matrix
ontology: CC
definition:
The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome; in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase.


go_id: GO:0005784
term: Sec61 translocon complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A translocon complex that contains a core heterotrimer of conserved alpha, beta and gamma subunits, and may contain additional proteins (translocon-associated proteins or TRAPs); in budding yeast the core proteins are Sec61p, Sbh1p, and Sss1p. The Sec61 translocon complex functions in cotranslational and posttranslational translocation events.


go_id: GO:0005785
term: signal recognition particle receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A transmembrane heterodimeric protein located in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Both subunits contain GTPase domains with which signal recognition particle interacts. In the presence of GTP and SRP receptor, SRP is released from the ribosome-nascent chain complex.


go_id: GO:0005786
term: signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting
ontology: CC
definition:
A ribonucleoprotein particle of 325 kDa composed of a 7S (300 nucleotide) RNA molecule and a complex of six different polypeptides. This binds both to the N-terminal signal peptide for proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum as they emerge from the large ribosomal subunit and also to the ribosome. This binding arrests further translation thereby preventing the proteins from being released into the cytosol. The SRP-ribosome complex then diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is bound to the signal recognition particle receptor, which allows resumption of protein synthesis and facilitates the passage of the growing polypeptide chain through the translocon. Through a process involving GTP hydrolysis, the SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates and SRP returns to the cytosol. Of the six polypeptides of SRP the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) is the central player. It contains an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal domain that binds directly to the signal peptide and the SRP RNA. Examples of this component are found in Mus musculus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana.


go_id: GO:0005787
term: signal peptidase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and cleaves the signal sequence from precursor proteins following their transport out of the cytoplasmic space.


go_id: GO:0005790
term: smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ontology: CC
definition:
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.


go_id: GO:0005791
term: rough endoplasmic reticulum
ontology: CC
definition:
The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae.


go_id: GO:0043231
term: intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
ontology: CC
definition:
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0005793
term: endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi  and Golgi-to-ER transport.


go_id: GO:0005794
term: Golgi apparatus
ontology: CC
definition:
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.


go_id: GO:0005795
term: Golgi stack
ontology: CC
definition:
The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack.


go_id: GO:0005796
term: Golgi lumen
ontology: CC
definition:
The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks.


go_id: GO:0005798
term: Golgi-associated vesicle
ontology: CC
definition:
Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell.


go_id: GO:0030126
term: COPI vesicle coat
ontology: CC
definition:
One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. The mammalian COPI subunits are called alpha-, beta-, beta'-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-COP. Vesicles with COPI coats are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state.


go_id: GO:0030137
term: COPI-coated vesicle
ontology: CC
definition:
A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPI coat complex proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state, are involved in Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde) vesicle transport, and possibly also in intra-Golgi transport.


go_id: GO:0030134
term: ER to Golgi transport vesicle
ontology: CC
definition:
A vesicle that mediates transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex; bears a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins; such vesicles found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state, and are involved in ER to Golgi (anterograde) vesicle transport.


go_id: GO:0005801
term: cis-Golgi network
ontology: CC
definition:
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.


go_id: GO:0005802
term: trans-Golgi network
ontology: CC
definition:
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.


go_id: GO:0030133
term: transport vesicle
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell.


go_id: GO:0030141
term: secretory granule
ontology: CC
definition:
A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.


go_id: GO:0030139
term: endocytic vesicle
ontology: CC
definition:
A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.


go_id: GO:0005811
term: lipid particle
ontology: CC
definition:
An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins.


go_id: GO:0005813
term: centrosome
ontology: CC
definition:
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.


go_id: GO:0005814
term: centriole
ontology: CC
definition:
A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle.


go_id: GO:0005815
term: microtubule organizing center
ontology: CC
definition:
An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.


go_id: GO:0005819
term: spindle
ontology: CC
definition:
The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


go_id: GO:0005822
term: inner plaque of spindle pole body
ontology: CC
definition:
One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the inner plaque is in the nucleus.


go_id: GO:0005823
term: central plaque of spindle pole body
ontology: CC
definition:
One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the central plaque is embedded in the nuclear envelope.


go_id: GO:0005824
term: outer plaque of spindle pole body
ontology: CC
definition:
One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the outer plaque is in the cytoplasm.


go_id: GO:0005826
term: actomyosin contractile ring
ontology: CC
definition:
A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located inside the plasma membrane at the location of the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.


go_id: GO:0005827
term: polar microtubule
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart.


go_id: GO:0005828
term: kinetochore microtubule
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of the spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic chromosome segregation.


go_id: GO:0005831
term: steroid hormone aporeceptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex consisting of a steroid receptor associated with nonreceptor proteins, minimally a dimer of Hsp90 and a monomer of hsp56/FKBP59; forms in the absence of bound ligand.


go_id: GO:0005833
term: hemoglobin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An iron-containing, oxygen carrying complex. In vertebrates it is made up of two pairs of associated globin polypeptide chains, each chain carrying a noncovalently bound heme prosthetic group.


go_id: GO:0005838
term: proteasome regulatory particle
ontology: CC
definition:
A multisubunit complex, which caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex. This complex recognizes and unfolds ubiquitinated proteins, and translocates them to the proteasome core complex.


go_id: GO:0005844
term: polysome
ontology: CC
definition:
A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.


go_id: GO:0005846
term: nuclear cap binding complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A conserved heterodimeric protein complex that binds to the 5' terminal cap structure m7G(5')ppp(5')N of nascent eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcripts such as pre-mRNA and U snRNA. The consists of proteins known as CBP20 and CBP80, binds to cap structures in the nucleus, and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing, 3'-end formation, and RNA nuclear export.


go_id: GO:0005847
term: mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal.


go_id: GO:0005850
term: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA.


go_id: GO:0005851
term: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon.


go_id: GO:0005852
term: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs.


go_id: GO:0005853
term: eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A multisubunit nucleotide exchange complex that binds GTP and aminoacyl-tRNAs, and catalyzes their codon-dependent placement at the A-site of the ribosome. In humans, the complex is composed of four subunits, alpha, beta, delta and gamma.


go_id: GO:0005854
term: nascent polypeptide-associated complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome.


go_id: GO:0005856
term: cytoskeleton
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.


go_id: GO:0005861
term: troponin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction.


go_id: GO:0005862
term: muscle thin filament tropomyosin
ontology: CC
definition:
A form of the tropomyosin dimer found associated with actin and the troponin complex in muscle thin filaments.


go_id: GO:0005863
term: striated muscle myosin thick filament
ontology: CC
definition:
Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils.


go_id: GO:0005865
term: striated muscle thin filament
ontology: CC
definition:
Filaments formed of actin and associated proteins; attached to Z discs at either end of sarcomeres in myofibrils.


go_id: GO:0005869
term: dynactin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A 20S multiprotein assembly of total mass about 1.2 MDa that activates dynein-based activity in vivo. A large structural component of the complex is an actin-like 40 nm filament composed of actin-related protein, to which other components attach.


go_id: GO:0005870
term: actin capping protein of dynactin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, nucleates the polymerization of actin monomers but does not sever actin filaments, and which is a part of the dynactin complex.


go_id: GO:0005871
term: kinesin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work.


go_id: GO:0005872
term: minus-end kinesin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the minus end of a microtubule.


go_id: GO:0005873
term: plus-end kinesin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the plus end of a microtubule.


go_id: GO:0005874
term: microtubule
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.


go_id: GO:0005879
term: axonemal microtubule
ontology: CC
definition:
A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules.


go_id: GO:0005883
term: neurofilament
ontology: CC
definition:
A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter.


go_id: GO:0005884
term: actin filament
ontology: CC
definition:
A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0005885
term: Arp2/3 protein complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments.


go_id: GO:0005889
term: hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that possesses hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity; characterized in animal cells, where it maintains ionic gradients of K+ at the expense of ATP hydrolysis; The complex contains two obligatory subunits, the catalytic alpha subunit and a glycosylated beta subunit; two additional subunits, gamma and channel-inducing factor (CHIF), may also be present.


go_id: GO:0005890
term: sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior.


go_id: GO:0005891
term: voltage-gated calcium channel complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential.


go_id: GO:0005892
term: acetylcholine-gated channel complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding.


go_id: GO:0005894
term: interleukin-3 receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-3 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-5.


go_id: GO:0005895
term: interleukin-5 receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-5 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3.


go_id: GO:0005896
term: interleukin-6 receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A hexameric protein complex consisting of two molecules each of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain, and gp-130.


go_id: GO:0005897
term: interleukin-9 receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that binds interleukin-9; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-9 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for several other interleukins.


go_id: GO:0005898
term: interleukin-13 receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that binds interleukin-13; consists of two chains, interleukin-13 receptor alpha1 chain and interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain.


go_id: GO:0005899
term: insulin receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain.


go_id: GO:0005900
term: oncostatin-M receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimeric receptor for the cytokine oncostatin-M (OSM). In humans the receptor complex is made up of the gene products gp130 and OSMR-beta.


go_id: GO:0005901
term: caveola
ontology: CC
definition:
A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include any of the minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Such caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.


go_id: GO:0005902
term: microvillus
ontology: CC
definition:
Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.


go_id: GO:0005903
term: brush border
ontology: CC
definition:
Dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.


go_id: GO:0005905
term: coated pit
ontology: CC
definition:
A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes.


go_id: GO:0030119
term: AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of several heterotetrameric complexes that link clathrin (or another coat-forming molecule, as hypothesized for AP-3 and AP-4) to a membrane surface; they are found on coated pits and coated vesicles, and mediate sorting of cargo proteins into vesicles. Each AP complex contains two large (a beta and one of either an alpha, gamma, delta, or epsilon) subunits (110-130 kDa), a medium (mu) subunit (approximately 50 kDa), and a small (sigma) subunit (15-20 kDa).


go_id: GO:0030121
term: AP-1 adaptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-1-containing coats are normally found primarily in the trans-Golgi network. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).


go_id: GO:0030122
term: AP-2 adaptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits, and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-2-containing coats are normally found primarily near the plasma membrane, on endocytic vesicles. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).


go_id: GO:0005911
term: cell-cell junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.


go_id: GO:0005912
term: adherens junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell junction at which anchoring proteins (cadherins or integrins) extend through the plasma membrane and are attached to actin filaments.


go_id: GO:0005914
term: spot adherens junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A small cell-cell adherens junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens.


go_id: GO:0005916
term: fascia adherens
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell-cell adherens junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighboring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.


go_id: GO:0005917
term: nephrocyte diaphragm
ontology: CC
definition:
A specialized cell-cell junction found between nephrocytes of the insect kidney, which is adapted for filtration of hemolymph. The insect nephrocyte is anatomically and functionally similarity to the glomerular podocyte of vertebrates.


go_id: GO:0005918
term: septate junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in invertebrates.


go_id: GO:0005920
term: smooth septate junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A septate junction that lacks the regular arrays of electron-dense septae found in pleated septate junctions.


go_id: GO:0005921
term: gap junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell-cell junction that is composed of an array of small channels that permit small molecules to pass from one cell to another. At gap junctions, the membranes of two adjacent cells are separated by a uniform narrow gap of about 2-4 nm that is spanned by channel-forming proteins called connexins, which form hexagonal tubes called connexons.


go_id: GO:0005922
term: connexon complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction.


go_id: GO:0005923
term: bicellular tight junction
ontology: CC
definition:
An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.


go_id: GO:0005925
term: focal adhesion
ontology: CC
definition:
Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments.


go_id: GO:0005926
term: connecting hemi-adherens junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell-substrate adherens junction, also known as a hemiadherens junction (HAJ) that forms one of a pair of junctions in opposing cells that are separated by only 30-40nm, with a thin line of extracellular electron-dense material in between; found where muscles attach to epidermal cells directly (in insects).


go_id: GO:0005928
term: apical hemi-adherens junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell-substrate adherens junction found in the apical region of a cell, such as those found in cuticle-secreting epithelia, which connect the apical membrane to the cuticle.


go_id: GO:0005929
term: cilium
ontology: CC
definition:
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body.


go_id: GO:0005931
term: nexin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex found in the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. It forms interconnections between the microtubule outer doublets that surround the inner central pair of microtubules.


go_id: GO:0005933
term: cellular bud
ontology: CC
definition:
A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.


go_id: GO:0005935
term: cellular bud neck
ontology: CC
definition:
The constriction between the mother cell and daughter cell (bud) in an organism that reproduces by budding.


go_id: GO:0005938
term: cell cortex
ontology: CC
definition:
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.


go_id: GO:0005940
term: septin ring
ontology: CC
definition:
A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament-forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. This type of septin structure is observed at the bud neck of budding fungal cells, at the site of cell division in animal cells, at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection, and also within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form.


go_id: GO:0005942
term: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex capable of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and containing subunits of any phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme. These complexes are divided in three classes (called I, II and III) that differ for their presence across taxonomic groups and for the type of their constituents. Catalytic subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in all 3 classes; regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in classes I and III; adaptor proteins have been observed in class II complexes and may be present in other classes too.


go_id: GO:0005943
term: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class IA
ontology: CC
definition:
A class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit and an associated SH2 domain-containing regulatory subunit that is a member of a family of related proteins often called p85 proteins. Through the interaction with the SH2-containing adaptor subunits, Class IA PI3K catalytic subunits are linked to tyrosine kinase signaling pathways.


go_id: GO:0005944
term: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class IB
ontology: CC
definition:
A class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit and an associated regulatory subunit that is larger than, and unrelated to, the p85 proteins present in class IA complexes. Class IB PI3Ks are stimulated by G-proteins and do not interact with the SH2-domain containing adaptors that bind to Class IA PI3Ks.


go_id: GO:0005945
term: 6-phosphofructokinase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known.


go_id: GO:0005946
term: alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase complex (UDP-forming)
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that possesses alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) and trehalose-phosphatase activities, and thus catalyzes two reactions in trehalose biosynthesis. In the complex identified in Saccharomyces, Tps1p has alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) activity, Tps2p has trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase activity; Tps3p is a regulatory subunit, and an additional subunit, Tsl1p, may be present.


go_id: GO:0005948
term: acetolactate synthase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A dimeric (a large and a small chain) or tetrameric (two large and two small chains) enzyme complex. Catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from pyruvate.


go_id: GO:0005950
term: anthranilate synthase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterotetrameric enzyme complex made up of two components I and two components II. Catalyzes the formation of anthranilate, pyruvate and L-glutamate from chorismate and L-glutamine.


go_id: GO:0005951
term: carbamoyl-phosphate synthase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate; comprises a small subunit that binds and cleaves glutamine, and a large subunit that accepts the ammonia group cleaved from glutamine, binds all of the remaining substrates and effectors, and carries out all of the other catalytic events.


go_id: GO:0005952
term: cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An enzyme complex, composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits, that catalyzes protein phosphorylation. Inactive forms of the enzyme have two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains; activation by cAMP produces two active catalytic monomers and a regulatory dimer.


go_id: GO:0005953
term: CAAX-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimeric enzyme, composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. Participates in the post-translational C-terminal modification of several small GTPases, allowing their targeting to the membrane.


go_id: GO:0005954
term: calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An enzyme complex which in eukaryotes is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The different isoforms assemble into homo- or heteromultimeric holoenzymes composed of 8 to 12 subunits. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins to O-phosphoproteins.


go_id: GO:0005955
term: calcineurin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimeric calcium ion and calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits; the regulatory subunit is very similar in sequence to calmodulin.


go_id: GO:0005956
term: protein kinase CK2 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and contains two catalytic alpha subunits and two regulatory beta subunits. Protein kinase CK2 complexes are found in nearly every subcellular compartment, and can phosphorylate many protein substrates in addition to casein.


go_id: GO:0043033
term: isoamylase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram-negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages.


go_id: GO:0005958
term: DNA-dependent protein kinase-DNA ligase 4 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A large protein complex which is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku, the nuclear phosphoprotein XRCC4 or a homolog thereof, and DNA ligase IV.


go_id: GO:0005960
term: glycine cleavage complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of glycine. In E. coli, it has four components: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), lipoyl-GcvH-protein and aminomethyltransferase, also known as L, P, H, and T.


go_id: GO:0005963
term: magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the removal of serine- or threonine-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes that have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase.


go_id: GO:0005967
term: mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in eukaryotes; includes subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The This Eukaryotic form usually contains more subunits than its bacterial counterpart; for example, one known complex contains 30 E1 dimers, 60 E2 monomers, and 6 E3 dimers as well as a few copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.


go_id: GO:0005968
term: Rab-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimeric enzyme complex, which in mammals is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and which associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein). Catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl group from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein.


go_id: GO:0005969
term: serine-pyruvate aminotransferase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of hydroxypyruvate and alanine from serine and pyruvate.


go_id: GO:0005971
term: ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An enzyme complex composed of 2-4 or more subunits, which usually contains nonheme iron and requires ATP for catalysis. Catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.


go_id: GO:0005975
term: carbohydrate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule.


go_id: GO:0005976
term: polysaccharide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.


go_id: GO:0005977
term: glycogen metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.


go_id: GO:0005978
term: glycogen biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.


go_id: GO:0005979
term: regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.


go_id: GO:0005980
term: glycogen catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.


go_id: GO:0005981
term: regulation of glycogen catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.


go_id: GO:0005982
term: starch metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. It is a glucan consisting of two components, amylose and amylopectin, which are both glucose homopolymers. Starch is synthesized as a temporary storage form of carbon and can be catabolized to produce sucrose.


go_id: GO:0005983
term: starch catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants.


go_id: GO:0005984
term: disaccharide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.


go_id: GO:0005985
term: sucrose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.


go_id: GO:0005986
term: sucrose biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.


go_id: GO:0005987
term: sucrose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.


go_id: GO:0005989
term: lactose biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.


go_id: GO:0005990
term: lactose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.


go_id: GO:0005991
term: trehalose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.


go_id: GO:0005992
term: trehalose biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.


go_id: GO:0005993
term: trehalose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.


go_id: GO:0005994
term: melibiose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.


go_id: GO:0005995
term: melibiose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.


go_id: GO:0005996
term: monosaccharide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.


go_id: GO:0005998
term: xylulose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.


go_id: GO:0005999
term: xylulose biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.


go_id: GO:0006000
term: fructose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.


go_id: GO:0006001
term: fructose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose.


go_id: GO:0006002
term: fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006003
term: fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase.


go_id: GO:0006004
term: fucose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.


go_id: GO:0006006
term: glucose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.


go_id: GO:0006007
term: glucose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.


go_id: GO:0006009
term: glucose 1-phosphate phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into glucose 1-phosphate to produce glucose bisphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006011
term: UDP-glucose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006012
term: galactose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.


go_id: GO:0006013
term: mannose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.


go_id: GO:0006014
term: D-ribose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12.


go_id: GO:0006015
term: 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.


go_id: GO:0006016
term: 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.


go_id: GO:0006017
term: deoxyribose 1,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyribose 1,5-bisphosphate, the diphosphorylated sugar 1,5-diphospho-2-deoxyribose.


go_id: GO:0006018
term: 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.


go_id: GO:0006019
term: deoxyribose 5-phosphate phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into deoxyribose 5-phosphate to produce deoxyribose bisphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006020
term: inositol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.


go_id: GO:0006021
term: inositol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.


go_id: GO:0006022
term: aminoglycan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.


go_id: GO:0006023
term: aminoglycan biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.


go_id: GO:0006024
term: glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


go_id: GO:0006025
term: galactosaminoglycan biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars derived from the galactose.


go_id: GO:0006026
term: aminoglycan catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.


go_id: GO:0006027
term: glycosaminoglycan catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


go_id: GO:0006028
term: galactosaminoglycan catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars derived from the galactose.


go_id: GO:0006030
term: chitin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.


go_id: GO:0006031
term: chitin biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.


go_id: GO:0006032
term: chitin catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.


go_id: GO:0006034
term: cuticle chitin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles.


go_id: GO:0006035
term: cuticle chitin biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles.


go_id: GO:0006036
term: cuticle chitin catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles.


go_id: GO:0006037
term: cell wall chitin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells.


go_id: GO:0006038
term: cell wall chitin biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells.


go_id: GO:0006039
term: cell wall chitin catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells.


go_id: GO:0006040
term: amino sugar metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.


go_id: GO:0006041
term: glucosamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.


go_id: GO:0006042
term: glucosamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.


go_id: GO:0006043
term: glucosamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.


go_id: GO:0006044
term: N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.


go_id: GO:0006045
term: N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.


go_id: GO:0006046
term: N-acetylglucosamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.


go_id: GO:0006047
term: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006048
term: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006049
term: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006050
term: mannosamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins.


go_id: GO:0006051
term: N-acetylmannosamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.


go_id: GO:0006052
term: N-acetylmannosamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.


go_id: GO:0006053
term: N-acetylmannosamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.


go_id: GO:0006054
term: N-acetylneuraminate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.


go_id: GO:0006055
term: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminate, a substance composed of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid in glycosidic linkage with cytidine monophosphate.


go_id: GO:0006056
term: mannoprotein metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.


go_id: GO:0006057
term: mannoprotein biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.


go_id: GO:0006058
term: mannoprotein catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.


go_id: GO:0006059
term: hexitol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


go_id: GO:0006060
term: sorbitol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


go_id: GO:0006061
term: sorbitol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


go_id: GO:0006062
term: sorbitol catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


go_id: GO:0006063
term: uronic acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving uronic acid, any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose.


go_id: GO:0006064
term: glucuronate catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid.


go_id: GO:0006065
term: UDP-glucuronate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006066
term: alcohol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.


go_id: GO:0006067
term: ethanol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


go_id: GO:0006068
term: ethanol catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


go_id: GO:0006069
term: ethanol oxidation
ontology: BP
definition:
An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate.


go_id: GO:0006070
term: octanol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving octanol, the 8-carbon alcohol with the formula C8H17OH.


go_id: GO:0006071
term: glycerol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.


go_id: GO:0006072
term: glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.


go_id: GO:0006073
term: cellular glucan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.


go_id: GO:0006074
term: (1->3)-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds.


go_id: GO:0006075
term: (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds.


go_id: GO:0006077
term: (1->6)-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->6)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->6)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds.


go_id: GO:0006080
term: substituted mannan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a mannan backbone composed of D-mannose unites, substituted with D-glucose and/or D-galactose units.


go_id: GO:0006081
term: cellular aldehyde metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.


go_id: GO:0006082
term: organic acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.


go_id: GO:0006084
term: acetyl-CoA metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006085
term: acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.


go_id: GO:0006091
term: generation of precursor metabolites and energy
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.


go_id: GO:0006094
term: gluconeogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.


go_id: GO:0006096
term: glycolytic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.


go_id: GO:0006097
term: glyoxylate cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
A modification of the TCA cycle occurring in some plants and microorganisms, in which isocitrate is cleaved to glyoxylate and succinate. Glyoxylate can then react with acetyl-CoA to form malate.


go_id: GO:0006098
term: pentose-phosphate shunt
ontology: BP
definition:
The glucose-6-phosphate catabolic process in which, coupled to NADPH synthesis, glucose-6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ribulose 5-phosphate; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses.


go_id: GO:0006099
term: tricarboxylic acid cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle.


go_id: GO:0006101
term: citrate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.


go_id: GO:0006103
term: 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006104
term: succinyl-CoA metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the monovalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A.


go_id: GO:0006105
term: succinate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.


go_id: GO:0006106
term: fumarate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.


go_id: GO:0006107
term: oxaloacetate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.


go_id: GO:0006108
term: malate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.


go_id: GO:0006102
term: isocitrate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isocitrate, the anion of isocitric acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Isocitrate is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate cycle.


go_id: GO:0006109
term: regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.


go_id: GO:0006111
term: regulation of gluconeogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.


go_id: GO:0006112
term: energy reserve metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.


go_id: GO:0006113
term: fermentation
ontology: BP
definition:
The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, coupling the oxidation and reduction of NAD/H and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).


go_id: GO:0006114
term: glycerol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.


go_id: GO:0006115
term: ethanol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


go_id: GO:0006116
term: NADH oxidation
ontology: BP
definition:
A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD.


go_id: GO:0006117
term: acetaldehyde metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetaldehyde, a colorless, flammable liquid intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol.


go_id: GO:0055114
term: oxidation-reduction process
ontology: BP
definition:
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.


go_id: GO:0016491
term: oxidoreductase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.


go_id: GO:0022904
term: respiratory electron transport chain
ontology: BP
definition:
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


go_id: GO:0006119
term: oxidative phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006120
term: mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone
ontology: BP
definition:
The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I.


go_id: GO:0006121
term: mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone
ontology: BP
definition:
The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II.


go_id: GO:0006122
term: mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c
ontology: BP
definition:
The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III.


go_id: GO:0006123
term: mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen
ontology: BP
definition:
The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV.


go_id: GO:0006124
term: ferredoxin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ferredoxin, any simple, nonenzymatic iron-sulfur protein that is characterized by having equal numbers of atoms of iron and labile sulfur. Iron and sulfur atoms are present in one or two clusters of two or four atoms of each.


go_id: GO:0022900
term: electron transport chain
ontology: BP
definition:
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


go_id: GO:0006127
term: glycerophosphate shuttle
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise glycerol 3-phosphate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) using FAD; DHAP then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.


go_id: GO:0006749
term: glutathione metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.


go_id: GO:0019153
term: protein-disulfide reductase (glutathione) activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + protein-disulfide = oxidized glutathione + protein-dithiol.


go_id: GO:0051068
term: dihydrolipoamide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrolipoamide, the reduced form of lipoamide, produced as an intermediate in the reactions in which lipoamide acts as a cofactor.


go_id: GO:0033738
term: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (ferredoxin) activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + oxidized ferredoxin = 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + reduced ferredoxin.


go_id: GO:0051066
term: dihydrobiopterin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a dihydrobiopterin, a reduced pteridine derivative related to folic acid; it acts as an electron carrier in tyrosine biosynthesis and its quinoid form is produced by oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin in several biological hydroxylation reactions.


go_id: GO:0051067
term: dihydropteridine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 6,7-dihydropteridine, a bicyclic compound with the formula C6H6N4.


go_id: GO:0006140
term: regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.


go_id: GO:0006141
term: regulation of purine nucleobase metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving purines.


go_id: GO:0006142
term: regulation of pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases.


go_id: GO:0006144
term: purine nucleobase metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.


go_id: GO:0006163
term: purine nucleotide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0042278
term: purine nucleoside metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


go_id: GO:0006145
term: purine nucleobase catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.


go_id: GO:0006146
term: adenine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the 5 main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine.


go_id: GO:0006147
term: guanine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.


go_id: GO:0006148
term: inosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.


go_id: GO:0006149
term: deoxyinosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside.


go_id: GO:0006150
term: hypoxanthine oxidation
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine to xanthine and thence to uric acid.


go_id: GO:0006151
term: xanthine oxidation
ontology: BP
definition:
The oxidation of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.


go_id: GO:0006152
term: purine nucleoside catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


go_id: GO:0006154
term: adenosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.


go_id: GO:0006157
term: deoxyadenosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


go_id: GO:0006161
term: deoxyguanosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.


go_id: GO:0006164
term: purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0006165
term: nucleoside diphosphate phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a nucleoside diphosphate to produce a nucleoside triphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006168
term: adenine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates adenine, 6-aminopurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006169
term: adenosine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates adenosine, adenine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006170
term: dAMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).


go_id: GO:0006171
term: cAMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


go_id: GO:0006173
term: dADP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).


go_id: GO:0006174
term: dADP phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate, to produce dATP.


go_id: GO:0006175
term: dATP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).


go_id: GO:0006176
term: dATP biosynthetic process from ADP
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including ADP, adenosine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006178
term: guanine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006179
term: guanosine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates guanosine, guanine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006181
term: dGMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).


go_id: GO:0006182
term: cGMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


go_id: GO:0006185
term: dGDP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).


go_id: GO:0006186
term: dGDP phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, to produce dGTP.


go_id: GO:0006187
term: dGTP biosynthetic process from dGDP
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including gGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006189
term: 'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate.


go_id: GO:0006190
term: inosine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006195
term: purine nucleotide catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0006198
term: cAMP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


go_id: GO:0016887
term: ATPase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + 2 H+. May or may not be coupled to another reaction.


go_id: GO:0006201
term: GMP catabolic process to IMP
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including inosine monophosphate.


go_id: GO:0006202
term: GMP catabolic process to guanine
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including guanine.


go_id: GO:0006206
term: pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.


go_id: GO:0006213
term: pyrimidine nucleoside metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


go_id: GO:0006220
term: pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0006207
term: 'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors.


go_id: GO:0006208
term: pyrimidine nucleobase catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.


go_id: GO:0006209
term: cytosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives.


go_id: GO:0006210
term: thymine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.


go_id: GO:0006211
term: 5-methylcytosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.


go_id: GO:0006212
term: uracil catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.


go_id: GO:0006214
term: thymidine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.


go_id: GO:0006216
term: cytidine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.


go_id: GO:0006217
term: deoxycytidine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


go_id: GO:0006218
term: uridine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.


go_id: GO:0006219
term: deoxyuridine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyribosyluracil, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


go_id: GO:0006221
term: pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0006223
term: uracil salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006226
term: dUMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate).


go_id: GO:0006227
term: dUDP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUDP, deoxyuridine diphosphate (2'-deoxy-5'-uridylyl phosphate).


go_id: GO:0006229
term: dUTP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006230
term: TMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TMP, ribosylthymine monophosphate.


go_id: GO:0006231
term: dTMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).


go_id: GO:0006233
term: dTDP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine5'-diphosphate).


go_id: GO:0006235
term: dTTP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006236
term: cytidine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates cytidine, cytosine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006237
term: deoxycytidine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006238
term: CMP salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates CMP, cytidine monophosphate, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006239
term: dCMP salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006240
term: dCDP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006244
term: pyrimidine nucleotide catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0006246
term: dTDP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0051064
term: TTP reductase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: dTTP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = TTP + thioredoxin. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.


go_id: GO:0006249
term: dCMP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.


go_id: GO:0006251
term: dCDP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0051065
term: CTP reductase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = CTP + thioredoxin. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.


go_id: GO:0006257
term: dUDP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dUDP, deoxyuridine (5'-)diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006258
term: UDP-glucose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006259
term: DNA metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.


go_id: GO:0006261
term: DNA-dependent DNA replication
ontology: BP
definition:
A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands.


go_id: GO:0006265
term: DNA topological change
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.


go_id: GO:0006267
term: pre-replicative complex assembly involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the nuclear pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the eukaryotic DNA replication origin and is required for replication initiation.


go_id: GO:0006268
term: DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication.


go_id: GO:0006269
term: DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006270
term: DNA replication initiation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action.


go_id: GO:0006271
term: DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which a DNA strand is synthesized from template DNA during replication by the action of polymerases, which add nucleotides to the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand.


go_id: GO:0006272
term: leading strand elongation
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis of DNA from a template strand in the 5' to 3' direction; leading strand elongation is continuous as it proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork.


go_id: GO:0006273
term: lagging strand elongation
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis of DNA from a template strand in a net 3' to 5' direction. Lagging strand DNA elongation proceeds by discontinuous synthesis of short stretches of DNA, known as Okazaki fragments, from RNA primers; these fragments are then joined by DNA ligase. Although each segment of nascent DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is 3' to 5', mirroring the progress of the replication fork.


go_id: GO:0006274
term: DNA replication termination
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which DNA replication at a replication fork ceases; occurs when the replication fork reaches a specific termination site or when two replication forks meet.


go_id: GO:0006276
term: plasmid maintenance
ontology: BP
definition:
The maintenance of the integrity of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA; includes processes that ensure plasmids are retained in the daughter cells after cell division.


go_id: GO:0006277
term: DNA amplification
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the number of copies of a gene is increased in certain cells as extra copies of DNA are made in response to certain signals of cell development or of stress from the environment.


go_id: GO:0006278
term: RNA-dependent DNA replication
ontology: BP
definition:
A DNA replication process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strands.


go_id: GO:0006281
term: DNA repair
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.


go_id: GO:0006283
term: transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair
ontology: BP
definition:
The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.


go_id: GO:0006284
term: base-excision repair
ontology: BP
definition:
In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.


go_id: GO:0006285
term: base-excision repair, AP site formation
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of an AP site, a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by DNA glycosylase which recognizes an altered base in DNA and catalyzes its hydrolytic removal. This sugar phosphate is the substrate recognized by the AP endonuclease, which cuts the DNA phosphodiester backbone at the 5' side of the altered site to leave a gap which is subsequently repaired.


go_id: GO:0006286
term: base-excision repair, base-free sugar-phosphate removal
ontology: BP
definition:
Excision of the sugar phosphate residue at an AP site, i.e. a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by a phosphodiesterase enzyme.


go_id: GO:0006287
term: base-excision repair, gap-filling
ontology: BP
definition:
Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.


go_id: GO:0006288
term: base-excision repair, DNA ligation
ontology: BP
definition:
The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair.


go_id: GO:0006289
term: nucleotide-excision repair
ontology: BP
definition:
A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).


go_id: GO:0006293
term: nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex stabilization
ontology: BP
definition:
The stabilization of the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage as well as the unwound DNA. The stabilization of the protein-DNA complex ensures proper positioning of the preincision complex before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.


go_id: GO:0006294
term: nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA to form the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage. This assembly occurs before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.


go_id: GO:0006295
term: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 3'-to lesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 3' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision precedes the incision formed 5' to the site of damage.


go_id: GO:0006296
term: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 5'-to lesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 5' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision follows the incision formed 3' to the site of damage.


go_id: GO:0006297
term: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA gap filling
ontology: BP
definition:
Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes.


go_id: GO:0006298
term: mismatch repair
ontology: BP
definition:
A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.


go_id: GO:0006301
term: postreplication repair
ontology: BP
definition:
The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication.


go_id: GO:0006302
term: double-strand break repair
ontology: BP
definition:
The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.


go_id: GO:0006303
term: double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining
ontology: BP
definition:
The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.


go_id: GO:0006304
term: DNA modification
ontology: BP
definition:
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.


go_id: GO:0006305
term: DNA alkylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006307
term: DNA dealkylation involved in DNA repair
ontology: BP
definition:
The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT).


go_id: GO:0006308
term: DNA catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.


go_id: GO:0006309
term: apoptotic DNA fragmentation
ontology: BP
definition:
The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.


go_id: GO:0006310
term: DNA recombination
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.


go_id: GO:0006311
term: meiotic gene conversion
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another. It often occurs in association with general genetic recombination events, and is believed to be a straightforward consequence of the mechanisms of general recombination and DNA repair. For example, meiosis might yield three copies of the maternal version of an allele and only one copy of the paternal allele, indicating that one of the two copies of the paternal allele has been changed to a copy of the maternal allele.


go_id: GO:0006312
term: mitotic recombination
ontology: BP
definition:
The exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between one DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA that occurs during mitotic cell cycles.


go_id: GO:0006313
term: transposition, DNA-mediated
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via a DNA intermediate.


go_id: GO:0006314
term: intron homing
ontology: BP
definition:
Lateral transfer of an intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron.


go_id: GO:0006315
term: homing of group II introns
ontology: BP
definition:
Lateral transfer of a group II intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group II introns are self-splicing introns with a conserved secondary structure.


go_id: GO:0006316
term: movement of group I intron
ontology: BP
definition:
Lateral transfer of a group I intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group I introns are self-splicing introns that use guanosine as a cofactor in the splicing reaction.


go_id: GO:0006325
term: chromatin organization
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin.


go_id: GO:0006337
term: nucleosome disassembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


go_id: GO:0006338
term: chromatin remodeling
ontology: BP
definition:
Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation.


go_id: GO:0006342
term: chromatin silencing
ontology: BP
definition:
Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin.


go_id: GO:0048096
term: chromatin-mediated maintenance of transcription
ontology: BP
definition:
Maintenance of transcription by remodelling of chromatin into an 'open configuration'. Once established, this regulation is mitotically stable and is maintained over many cell divisions. It is also heritable.


go_id: GO:0043035
term: chromatin insulator sequence binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with a chromatin insulator sequence, a DNA sequence that prevents enhancer-mediated activation or repression of transcription.


go_id: GO:0006349
term: regulation of gene expression by genetic imprinting
ontology: BP
definition:
Heritable alterations in the activity of a gene that depend on whether it passed through the paternal or the maternal germline, but that are not encoded by DNA itself.


go_id: GO:0006352
term: DNA-templated transcription, initiation
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. The initiation phase ends just before and does not include promoter clearance, or release, which is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.


go_id: GO:0006354
term: DNA-templated transcription, elongation
ontology: BP
definition:
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.


go_id: GO:0006356
term: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.


go_id: GO:0006357
term: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


go_id: GO:0006359
term: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter.


go_id: GO:0006361
term: transcription initiation from RNA polymerase I promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase I promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.


go_id: GO:0006362
term: transcription elongation from RNA polymerase I promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase I specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase I.


go_id: GO:0006364
term: rRNA processing
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.


go_id: GO:0006367
term: transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.


go_id: GO:0006368
term: transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.


go_id: GO:0006378
term: mRNA polyadenylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript.


go_id: GO:0006379
term: mRNA cleavage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner.


go_id: GO:0008143
term: poly(A) binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA.


go_id: GO:0006384
term: transcription initiation from RNA polymerase III promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase III preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase III promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.


go_id: GO:0006385
term: transcription elongation from RNA polymerase III promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase III promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase III.


go_id: GO:0036261
term: 7-methylguanosine cap hypermethylation
ontology: BP
definition:
Hypermethylation of the 7-(mono)methylguanosine (m(7)G) cap structure at the 2' position of the guanosine residue to convert a mono-methylated cap to a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap structure. This type of cap modification occurs on small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is dependent on prior guanine-N7 methylation.


go_id: GO:0006388
term: tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation
ontology: BP
definition:
Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.


go_id: GO:0006390
term: transcription from mitochondrial promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.


go_id: GO:0006391
term: transcription initiation from mitochondrial promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
A transcription initiation process that takes place at a promoter on the mitochondrial chromosome, and results in RNA synthesis by a mitochondrial RNA polymerase.


go_id: GO:0006392
term: transcription elongation from mitochondrial promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at mitochondrial promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a mitchondrial RNA polymerase.


go_id: GO:0006393
term: termination of mitochondrial transcription
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule using a mitochondrial DNA template is completed.


go_id: GO:0006396
term: RNA processing
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.


go_id: GO:0006397
term: mRNA processing
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.


go_id: GO:0006399
term: tRNA metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established.


go_id: GO:0006400
term: tRNA modification
ontology: BP
definition:
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


go_id: GO:0006401
term: RNA catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


go_id: GO:0006402
term: mRNA catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.


go_id: GO:0006407
term: rRNA export from nucleus
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of rRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; the rRNA is usually in the form of ribonucleoproteins.


go_id: GO:0006412
term: translation
ontology: BP
definition:
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.


go_id: GO:0006413
term: translational initiation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006414
term: translational elongation
ontology: BP
definition:
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006415
term: translational termination
ontology: BP
definition:
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).


go_id: GO:0006417
term: regulation of translation
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA.


go_id: GO:0006418
term: tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006419
term: alanyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006420
term: arginyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006421
term: asparaginyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006422
term: aspartyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling aspartate to aspartyl-tRNA, catalyzed by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006423
term: cysteinyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006424
term: glutamyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006425
term: glutaminyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling glutamine to glutaminyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006426
term: glycyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006427
term: histidyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling histidine to histidyl-tRNA, catalyzed by histidyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006428
term: isoleucyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling isoleucine to isoleucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006429
term: leucyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling leucine to leucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by leucyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006430
term: lysyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling lysine to lysyl-tRNA, catalyzed by lysyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006431
term: methionyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling methionine to methionyl-tRNA, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006432
term: phenylalanyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling phenylalanine to phenylalanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006433
term: prolyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling proline to prolyl-tRNA, catalyzed by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006434
term: seryl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006435
term: threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006436
term: tryptophanyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006437
term: tyrosyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006438
term: valyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling valine to valyl-tRNA, catalyzed by valyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006447
term: regulation of translational initiation by iron
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translation of certain mRNAs involved in iron metabolism; regulated by the concentration of iron.


go_id: GO:0006450
term: regulation of translational fidelity
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.


go_id: GO:0006451
term: translational readthrough
ontology: BP
definition:
The continuation of translation beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons.


go_id: GO:0006452
term: translational frameshifting
ontology: BP
definition:
A mechanism whereby different proteins may result from a single mRNA molecule, due to a change in the parsing of three nucleotides per codon relative to an initiating AUG codon.


go_id: GO:0006458
term: 'de novo' protein folding
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of assisting in the folding of a nascent peptide chain into its correct tertiary structure.


go_id: GO:0051131
term: chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.


go_id: GO:0006463
term: steroid hormone receptor complex assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a steroid hormone receptor complex, an intracellular receptor that binds steroid hormones. The complex is often a dimer, and forms after the steroid has bound the receptor.


go_id: GO:0006464
term: cellular protein modification process
ontology: BP
definition:
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).


go_id: GO:0006465
term: signal peptide processing
ontology: BP
definition:
The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell.


go_id: GO:0006469
term: negative regulation of protein kinase activity
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


go_id: GO:0006473
term: protein acetylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


go_id: GO:0006476
term: protein deacetylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


go_id: GO:0006479
term: protein methylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.


go_id: GO:0006482
term: protein demethylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.


go_id: GO:0006486
term: protein glycosylation
ontology: BP
definition:
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.


go_id: GO:0006487
term: protein N-linked glycosylation
ontology: BP
definition:
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.


go_id: GO:0006488
term: dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P.


go_id: GO:0006489
term: dolichyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative.


go_id: GO:0006490
term: oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation.


go_id: GO:0006491
term: N-glycan processing
ontology: BP
definition:
The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking.


go_id: GO:0006493
term: protein O-linked glycosylation
ontology: BP
definition:
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan.


go_id: GO:0035629
term: N-terminal protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation
ontology: BP
definition:
Addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit via a nitrogen (N) atom of the N-terminal amino acid of a protein.


go_id: GO:0018342
term: protein prenylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The covalent attachment of a prenyl group to a protein; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.


go_id: GO:0006505
term: GPI anchor metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, molecular mechanisms for attaching membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Structurally they consist of a molecule of phosphatidylinositol to which is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl of the inositol, a carbohydrate chain. This chain is in turn linked to the protein through an ethanolamine phosphate group, the amino group of which is in amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein chain, the phosphate group being esterified to the C-6 hydroxyl of the terminal mannose of the core carbohydrate chain.


go_id: GO:0006506
term: GPI anchor biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.


go_id: GO:0006507
term: GPI anchor release
ontology: BP
definition:
The GPI anchor metabolic process that results in enzymatic cleavage of the anchor, releasing an anchored protein from the membrane.


go_id: GO:0006508
term: proteolysis
ontology: BP
definition:
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.


go_id: GO:0006509
term: membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis
ontology: BP
definition:
The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).


go_id: GO:0016485
term: protein processing
ontology: BP
definition:
Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


go_id: GO:0051603
term: proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.


go_id: GO:0006511
term: ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.


go_id: GO:0006516
term: glycoprotein catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


go_id: GO:0006518
term: peptide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.


go_id: GO:0006520
term: cellular amino acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells.


go_id: GO:0006521
term: regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.


go_id: GO:0006526
term: arginine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006527
term: arginine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006529
term: asparagine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006530
term: asparagine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006531
term: aspartate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


go_id: GO:0006532
term: aspartate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


go_id: GO:0006533
term: aspartate catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


go_id: GO:0006535
term: cysteine biosynthetic process from serine
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine.


go_id: GO:0006537
term: glutamate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


go_id: GO:0006538
term: glutamate catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


go_id: GO:0006539
term: glutamate catabolic process via 2-oxoglutarate
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate 2-oxoglutarate.


go_id: GO:0006540
term: glutamate decarboxylation to succinate
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of succinate from glutamate. Also known as GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) shunt since it channels glutamate into the TCA cycle bypassing two steps of that cycle. There are three enzymes involved in the GABA shunt: glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GABA aminotransferase (GABA-TA), and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). These three enzymes acting in concert to convert glutamate into succinate. The GABA shunt is predominantly associated with neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. It is also present in nonneuronal cells, in plants, in unicellular eukaryotes, and in prokaryotes.


go_id: GO:0006542
term: glutamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006543
term: glutamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006547
term: histidine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006548
term: histidine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006550
term: isoleucine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006552
term: leucine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006555
term: methionine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006556
term: S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006557
term: S-adenosylmethioninamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethioninamine, (5-deoxy-5-adenosyl)(3-aminopropyl) methylsulfonium salt.


go_id: GO:0006558
term: L-phenylalanine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006559
term: L-phenylalanine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006560
term: proline metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006561
term: proline biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006562
term: proline catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006563
term: L-serine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006564
term: L-serine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006565
term: L-serine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006566
term: threonine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006567
term: threonine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006568
term: tryptophan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006569
term: tryptophan catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006570
term: tyrosine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006571
term: tyrosine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006572
term: tyrosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006574
term: valine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006575
term: cellular modified amino acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


go_id: GO:0006576
term: cellular biogenic amine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.


go_id: GO:0006577
term: amino-acid betaine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


go_id: GO:0006578
term: amino-acid betaine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


go_id: GO:0006579
term: amino-acid betaine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


go_id: GO:0006580
term: ethanolamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine).


go_id: GO:0006581
term: acetylcholine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.


go_id: GO:0006582
term: melanin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.


go_id: GO:0006583
term: melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine.


go_id: GO:0006584
term: catecholamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.


go_id: GO:0006585
term: dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) from L-tyrosine, via the metabolic precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa). Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine.


go_id: GO:0006586
term: indolalkylamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.


go_id: GO:0006587
term: serotonin biosynthetic process from tryptophan
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.


go_id: GO:0006588
term: activation of tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the tryptophan 5-monooxygenase enzyme is changed so that it can carry out its enzymatic activity.


go_id: GO:0006589
term: octopamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species.


go_id: GO:0006590
term: thyroid hormone generation
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones.


go_id: GO:0006591
term: ornithine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006592
term: ornithine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006593
term: ornithine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006595
term: polyamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


go_id: GO:0006596
term: polyamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


go_id: GO:0006597
term: spermine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging.


go_id: GO:0006598
term: polyamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


go_id: GO:0006599
term: phosphagen metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.


go_id: GO:0006600
term: creatine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.


go_id: GO:0006601
term: creatine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine, N-[amino(imino)methyl]-N-methylglycine. Creatine is formed by a process beginning with amidino group transfer from L-arginine to glycine to form guanidinoacetate, followed by methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to guanidinoacetate; it is then is phosphorylated to form a pool that stores high energy phosphate for the replenishment of ATP during periods of high, or fluctuating energy demand. In animals, most creatine is transported to and used in muscle.


go_id: GO:0006602
term: creatinine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine.


go_id: GO:0006603
term: phosphocreatine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphocreatine, a phosphagen of creatine present in high concentration in striated muscle which is synthesized and broken down by creatine phosphokinase to buffer ATP concentration. It acts as an immediate energy reserve for muscle.


go_id: GO:0006604
term: phosphoarginine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphoarginine, a phosphagen of L-arginine with phosphoric acid containing the phosphoamide bond. It is a source of energy in the contraction of muscle in invertebrates, corresponding to phosphocreatine in the muscles of vertebrates.


go_id: GO:0006605
term: protein targeting
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.


go_id: GO:0006607
term: NLS-bearing protein import into nucleus
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.


go_id: GO:0006608
term: snRNP protein import into nucleus
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.


go_id: GO:0006609
term: mRNA-binding (hnRNP) protein import into nucleus
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.


go_id: GO:0006610
term: ribosomal protein import into nucleus
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a ribosomal protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.


go_id: GO:0006612
term: protein targeting to membrane
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.


go_id: GO:0006613
term: cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
ontology: BP
definition:
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria.


go_id: GO:0006614
term: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
ontology: BP
definition:
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.


go_id: GO:0006615
term: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which an SRP-bound ribosome forms a complex with the SRP receptor in the ER membrane, allowing the ribosome to bind to the membrane, during cotranslational membrane targeting.


go_id: GO:0006616
term: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen.


go_id: GO:0006617
term: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence recognition
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which SRP binds to the signal peptide in a nascent protein, causing protein elongation to pause, during cotranslational membrane targeting.


go_id: GO:0006620
term: posttranslational protein targeting to membrane
ontology: BP
definition:
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane.


go_id: GO:0006621
term: protein retention in ER lumen
ontology: BP
definition:
The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER.


go_id: GO:0006623
term: protein targeting to vacuole
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.


go_id: GO:0006624
term: vacuolar protein processing
ontology: BP
definition:
Protein processing that takes place in the vacuole. Most protein processing in the vacuole represents proteolytic cleavage of precursors to form active enzymes.


go_id: GO:0006626
term: protein targeting to mitochondrion
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.


go_id: GO:0006627
term: protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion
ontology: BP
definition:
The cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins, usually near the N terminus, contributing to the process of import into the mitochondrion. Several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments.


go_id: GO:0006629
term: lipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.


go_id: GO:0006631
term: fatty acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


go_id: GO:0006633
term: fatty acid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.


go_id: GO:0006634
term: hexadecanal biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexadecanal, the C16 straight chain aldehyde.


go_id: GO:0006635
term: fatty acid beta-oxidation
ontology: BP
definition:
A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


go_id: GO:0006636
term: unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.


go_id: GO:0006637
term: acyl-CoA metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.


go_id: GO:0006638
term: neutral lipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.


go_id: GO:0006639
term: acylglycerol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.


go_id: GO:0006640
term: monoacylglycerol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.


go_id: GO:0006641
term: triglyceride metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.


go_id: GO:0006642
term: triglyceride mobilization
ontology: BP
definition:
The release of triglycerides, any triester of glycerol, from storage within cells or tissues, making them available for metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006643
term: membrane lipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.


go_id: GO:0006644
term: phospholipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


go_id: GO:0006646
term: phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.


go_id: GO:0006647
term: phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (PMME), a derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine with a methylated amine group.


go_id: GO:0006648
term: dihydrosphingosine-1-P pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process that proceeds via the enzymatic action of dihydrosphingosine phosphate lyase.


go_id: GO:0006650
term: glycerophospholipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.


go_id: GO:0006651
term: diacylglycerol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


go_id: GO:0006653
term: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the compounds most commonly designated lecithin.


go_id: GO:0006654
term: phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.


go_id: GO:0006655
term: phosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.


go_id: GO:0006656
term: phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


go_id: GO:0006657
term: CDP-choline pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine.


go_id: GO:0006658
term: phosphatidylserine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes.


go_id: GO:0006659
term: phosphatidylserine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.


go_id: GO:0006660
term: phosphatidylserine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.


go_id: GO:0006661
term: phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


go_id: GO:0006662
term: glycerol ether metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.


go_id: GO:0006663
term: platelet activating factor biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.


go_id: GO:0006664
term: glycolipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar group acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol group may be absent.


go_id: GO:0006665
term: sphingolipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


go_id: GO:0006666
term: 3-keto-sphinganine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-keto-sphinganine, a derivative of sphinganine with a ketone group at C3. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of sphingosine.


go_id: GO:0006668
term: sphinganine-1-phosphate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


go_id: GO:0006669
term: sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


go_id: GO:0006670
term: sphingosine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.


go_id: GO:0006671
term: phytosphingosine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol, a constituent of many plant sphingolipids.


go_id: GO:0006673
term: inositolphosphoceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositolphosphoceramides, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006675
term: mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.


go_id: GO:0006676
term: mannosyl diphosphorylinositol ceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosyl diphosphorylinositol ceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains two phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.


go_id: GO:0006677
term: glycosylceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006678
term: glucosylceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative.


go_id: GO:0006679
term: glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006680
term: glucosylceramide catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006681
term: galactosylceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006682
term: galactosylceramide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006683
term: galactosylceramide catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006684
term: sphingomyelin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine.


go_id: GO:0006685
term: sphingomyelin catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.


go_id: GO:0006686
term: sphingomyelin biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.


go_id: GO:0006687
term: glycosphingolipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


go_id: GO:0006688
term: glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


go_id: GO:0006689
term: ganglioside catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.


go_id: GO:0006690
term: icosanoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.


go_id: GO:0006691
term: leukotriene metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.


go_id: GO:0006692
term: prostanoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.


go_id: GO:0006693
term: prostaglandin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.


go_id: GO:0006694
term: steroid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.


go_id: GO:0006695
term: cholesterol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


go_id: GO:0006696
term: ergosterol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds.


go_id: GO:0006697
term: ecdysone biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects.


go_id: GO:0006699
term: bile acid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.


go_id: GO:0006700
term: C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.


go_id: GO:0006701
term: progesterone biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


go_id: GO:0006702
term: androgen biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


go_id: GO:0006703
term: estrogen biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.


go_id: GO:0006704
term: glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


go_id: GO:0006705
term: mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


go_id: GO:0006706
term: steroid catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


go_id: GO:0006707
term: cholesterol catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


go_id: GO:0006708
term: ecdysone catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects.


go_id: GO:0006709
term: progesterone catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


go_id: GO:0006710
term: androgen catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


go_id: GO:0006711
term: estrogen catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.


go_id: GO:0006712
term: mineralocorticoid catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


go_id: GO:0006713
term: glucocorticoid catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


go_id: GO:0006714
term: sesquiterpenoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.


go_id: GO:0006715
term: farnesol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.


go_id: GO:0006716
term: juvenile hormone metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


go_id: GO:0006718
term: juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


go_id: GO:0006719
term: juvenile hormone catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


go_id: GO:0006720
term: isoprenoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.


go_id: GO:0006721
term: terpenoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.


go_id: GO:0006722
term: triterpenoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units.


go_id: GO:0006723
term: cuticle hydrocarbon biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrocarbons that make up the cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.


go_id: GO:0006725
term: cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.


go_id: GO:0006726
term: eye pigment biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye.


go_id: GO:0006727
term: ommochrome biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ommochromes, any of a large group of natural polycyclic pigments commonly found in the Arthropoda, particularly in the ommatidia of the compound eye.


go_id: GO:0006728
term: pteridine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group.


go_id: GO:0006729
term: tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.


go_id: GO:0006730
term: one-carbon metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states.


go_id: GO:0006732
term: coenzyme metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.


go_id: GO:0051189
term: prosthetic group metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein.


go_id: GO:0006733
term: oxidoreduction coenzyme metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an oxidoreductase reaction to proceed.


go_id: GO:0006734
term: NADH metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.


go_id: GO:0006738
term: nicotinamide riboside catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.


go_id: GO:0006739
term: NADP metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


go_id: GO:0006741
term: NADP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


go_id: GO:0006742
term: NADP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


go_id: GO:0006743
term: ubiquinone metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.


go_id: GO:0006744
term: ubiquinone biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.


go_id: GO:0006747
term: FAD biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FAD, the oxidized form of flavin-adenine dinucleotide.


go_id: GO:0006748
term: lipoamide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoamide, the functional form of lipoic acid in which the carboxyl group is attached to protein by an amide linkage to a lysine amino group.


go_id: GO:0006750
term: glutathione biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.


go_id: GO:0006751
term: glutathione catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.


go_id: GO:0006754
term: ATP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


go_id: GO:0006756
term: AMP phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into AMP, adenosine monophosphate, to produce ADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces ATP.


go_id: GO:0006760
term: folic acid-containing compound metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.


go_id: GO:0006761
term: dihydrofolate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate.


go_id: GO:0046452
term: dihydrofolate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate.


go_id: GO:0006766
term: vitamin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.


go_id: GO:0006767
term: water-soluble vitamin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.


go_id: GO:0006768
term: biotin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


go_id: GO:0006769
term: nicotinamide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide, pyridine-3-carboxamide, the amide of nicotinic acid. It is a member of the B complex of vitamins and occurs widely in living organisms.


go_id: GO:0006771
term: riboflavin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).


go_id: GO:0006772
term: thiamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


go_id: GO:0009235
term: cobalamin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.


go_id: GO:0006775
term: fat-soluble vitamin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.


go_id: GO:0006776
term: vitamin A metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene.


go_id: GO:0006777
term: Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


go_id: GO:0006778
term: porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


go_id: GO:0006779
term: porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


go_id: GO:0006783
term: heme biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.


go_id: GO:0006784
term: heme a biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.


go_id: GO:0006785
term: heme b biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme b, a Fe(II) porphyrin complex readily isolated from the hemoglobin of beef blood, but also found in other proteins including other hemoglobins, myoglobins, cytochromes P-450, catalases, peroxidases as well as b type cytochromes.


go_id: GO:0006786
term: heme c biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme c, a derivative of heme found in cytochromes c, b4, and f.


go_id: GO:0006787
term: porphyrin-containing compound catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


go_id: GO:0006788
term: heme oxidation
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in heme.


go_id: GO:0006789
term: bilirubin conjugation
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bilirubin monoglucuronide or bilirubin diglucuronide, water-soluble derivatives of bilirubin.


go_id: GO:0006791
term: sulfur utilization
ontology: BP
definition:
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary sulfur sources and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary sulfur source and to transport and metabolize alternate sulfur sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects sulfur levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize sulfur-containing compounds, and ends when the sulfur is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006793
term: phosphorus metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).


go_id: GO:0006794
term: phosphorus utilization
ontology: BP
definition:
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary phosphorus source and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary phosphorus source and to transport and metabolize alternative phosphorus sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects phosphorus levels, includes the phosphorus-containing substances, and ends when phosphorus is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006796
term: phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.


go_id: GO:0006797
term: polyphosphate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.


go_id: GO:0006798
term: polyphosphate catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.


go_id: GO:0006799
term: polyphosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.


go_id: GO:0072593
term: reactive oxygen species metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.


go_id: GO:0006801
term: superoxide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.


go_id: GO:0006805
term: xenobiotic metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide.


go_id: GO:0017085
term: response to insecticide
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insecticide stimulus. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects.


go_id: GO:0006807
term: nitrogen compound metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium.


go_id: GO:0006809
term: nitric oxide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


go_id: GO:0006810
term: transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006811
term: ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006812
term: cation transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006813
term: potassium ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006814
term: sodium ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006816
term: calcium ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006817
term: phosphate ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006818
term: hydrogen transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of hydrogen (H2 or H+), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006820
term: anion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006821
term: chloride transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0030001
term: metal ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006824
term: cobalt ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006825
term: copper ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006826
term: iron ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006827
term: high-affinity iron ion transmembrane transport
ontology: BP
definition:
A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


go_id: GO:0006828
term: manganese ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006829
term: zinc II ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006830
term: high-affinity zinc II ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed, high-affinity movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


go_id: GO:0006831
term: low-affinity zinc II ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed, low-affinity movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is only present at very low concentrations.


go_id: GO:0006833
term: water transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006835
term: dicarboxylic acid transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006836
term: neurotransmitter transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.


go_id: GO:0006837
term: serotonin transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.


go_id: GO:0015719
term: allantoate transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of allantoate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0015720
term: allantoin transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0015367
term: oxoglutarate:malate antiporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: oxoglutarate(out) + malate(in) = oxoglutarate(in) + malate(out).


go_id: GO:0015742
term: alpha-ketoglutarate transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0015743
term: malate transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of malate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006842
term: tricarboxylic acid transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006843
term: mitochondrial citrate transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a mitochondrion.


go_id: GO:0006844
term: acyl carnitine transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.


go_id: GO:0015810
term: aspartate transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of aspartate, the anion of aspartic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0015813
term: L-glutamate transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006846
term: acetate transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of acetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006848
term: pyruvate transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006853
term: carnitine shuttle
ontology: BP
definition:
The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine.


go_id: GO:0006855
term: drug transmembrane transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which a drug is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006856
term: eye pigment precursor transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of eye pigment precursors, the inactive forms of visual pigments, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006857
term: oligopeptide transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


go_id: GO:0006862
term: nucleotide transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.


go_id: GO:0006863
term: purine nucleobase transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006864
term: pyrimidine nucleotide transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.


go_id: GO:0006865
term: amino acid transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006867
term: asparagine transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of asparagine, alpha-aminosuccinamic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006868
term: glutamine transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006869
term: lipid transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


go_id: GO:0006874
term: cellular calcium ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006875
term: cellular metal ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006876
term: cellular cadmium ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cadmium ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006877
term: cellular cobalt ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cobalt ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006878
term: cellular copper ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006879
term: cellular iron ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006880
term: intracellular sequestering of iron ion
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of binding or confining iron ions in an intracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


go_id: GO:0006881
term: extracellular sequestering of iron ion
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of binding or confining iron ions in an extracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


go_id: GO:0006882
term: cellular zinc ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006883
term: cellular sodium ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006884
term: cell volume homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell.


go_id: GO:0006885
term: regulation of pH
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.


go_id: GO:0006886
term: intracellular protein transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.


go_id: GO:0006887
term: exocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process in which most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells.


go_id: GO:0006888
term: ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.


go_id: GO:0006890
term: retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to ER
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG.


go_id: GO:0006891
term: intra-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network).


go_id: GO:0006892
term: post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.


go_id: GO:0006893
term: Golgi to plasma membrane transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis.


go_id: GO:0055107
term: Golgi to secretory granule transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a secretory granule. The secretory granule is a membrane-bounded particle, usually protein, formed in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex.


go_id: GO:0055108
term: Golgi to transport vesicle transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a transport vesicle. Continuously secreted proteins are sorted into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis.


go_id: GO:0006895
term: Golgi to endosome transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes.


go_id: GO:0006897
term: endocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


go_id: GO:0006898
term: receptor-mediated endocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.


go_id: GO:0006901
term: vesicle coating
ontology: BP
definition:
A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination.


go_id: GO:0006904
term: vesicle docking involved in exocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.


go_id: GO:0006907
term: pinocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0006909
term: phagocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
An endocytosis process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.


go_id: GO:0006910
term: phagocytosis, recognition
ontology: BP
definition:
The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.


go_id: GO:0006911
term: phagocytosis, engulfment
ontology: BP
definition:
The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.


go_id: GO:0006914
term: autophagy
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation.


go_id: GO:0006919
term: activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.


go_id: GO:0006921
term: cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis
ontology: BP
definition:
The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.


go_id: GO:0097200
term: cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the execution phase of apoptosis.


go_id: GO:0006924
term: activation-induced cell death of T cells
ontology: BP
definition:
A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors.


go_id: GO:0006925
term: inflammatory cell apoptotic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.


go_id: GO:0006927
term: transformed cell apoptotic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any apoptotic process in a transformed cell, a cell that has undergone changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm.


go_id: GO:0006928
term: movement of cell or subcellular component
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cell or subcellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore.


go_id: GO:0006929
term: substrate-dependent cell migration
ontology: BP
definition:
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate.


go_id: GO:0006930
term: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.


go_id: GO:0006931
term: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of adhesions that stabilize protrusions at the leading edge of a migrating cell; involves integrin activation, clustering, and the recruitment of structural and signaling components to nascent adhesions.


go_id: GO:0006932
term: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell contraction
ontology: BP
definition:
The translocation of the cell body forward during cell migration, mediated by tractional force on its substrate and tension in the cortical cytoskeleton. Adhesions transmit propulsive forces and serve as traction points over which the cell moves.


go_id: GO:0006933
term: negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in substrate-bound cell migration
ontology: BP
definition:
The disassembly of adhesions at the front and rear of a migrating cell. At the leading edge, adhesion disassembly accompanies the formation of new protrusions; at the cell rear, it promotes tail retraction.


go_id: GO:0006934
term: substrate-bound cell migration, adhesion receptor recycling
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of accumulated adhesion components such as integrins from the rear of a migrating cell toward the cell front, where they are available to form new protrusions and adhesions.


go_id: GO:0006935
term: chemotaxis
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


go_id: GO:0006939
term: smooth muscle contraction
ontology: BP
definition:
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.


go_id: GO:0006941
term: striated muscle contraction
ontology: BP
definition:
A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.


go_id: GO:0009612
term: response to mechanical stimulus
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.


go_id: GO:0050954
term: sensory perception of mechanical stimulus
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


go_id: GO:0006949
term: syncytium formation
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.


go_id: GO:0006950
term: response to stress
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


go_id: GO:0006954
term: inflammatory response
ontology: BP
definition:
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.


go_id: GO:0006955
term: immune response
ontology: BP
definition:
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.


go_id: GO:0006957
term: complement activation, alternative pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.


go_id: GO:0006958
term: complement activation, classical pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.


go_id: GO:0006963
term: positive regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006964
ontology: BP
term:
positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria

definition:
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.


go_id: GO:0006965
ontology: BP
term:
positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria

definition:
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.


go_id: GO:0006967
term: positive regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006970
term: response to osmotic stress
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


go_id: GO:0006971
term: hypotonic response
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.


go_id: GO:0006972
term: hyperosmotic response
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.


go_id: GO:0006973
term: intracellular accumulation of glycerol
ontology: BP
definition:
The accumulation of glycerol within a cell, for example by increased glycerol biosynthesis combined with decreased permeability of the cell membrane to glycerol, in response to the detection of a hyperosmotic environment.


go_id: GO:0006974
term: cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006975
term: DNA damage induced protein phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The widespread phosphorylation of various molecules, triggering many downstream processes, that occurs in response to the detection of DNA damage.


go_id: GO:0006977
term: DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest
ontology: BP
definition:
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.


go_id: GO:0006978
ontology: BP
term:
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

definition:
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


go_id: GO:0006979
term: response to oxidative stress
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


go_id: GO:0006982
term: response to lipid hydroperoxide
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.


go_id: GO:0006983
term: ER overload response
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB.


go_id: GO:0006984
term: ER-nucleus signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
Any series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation.


go_id: GO:0006985
term: positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity by ER overload response
ontology: BP
definition:
The conversion of inactive NF-kappaB to the active form, thereby allowing it to activate transcription of target genes, as a result of signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum.


go_id: GO:0006987
term: activation of signaling protein activity involved in unfolded protein response
ontology: BP
definition:
The conversion of a specific protein, possessing protein kinase and endoribonuclease activities, to an active form as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response.


go_id: GO:0030969
term: mRNA splicing via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation involved in unfolded protein response
ontology: BP
definition:
The spliceosome-independent cleavage and ligation of the mRNA encoding a UFP-specific transcription factor to remove a single intron, thereby increasing both the translational efficiency of the processed mRNA and the activity of the protein it encodes.


go_id: GO:0008452
term: RNA ligase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between a hydroxyl group at the end of one RNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another.


go_id: GO:0006990
ontology: BP
term:
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in unfolded protein response

definition:
The activation of genes whose promoters contain a specific sequence elements such as the unfolded protein response element (UPRE; consensus CAGCGTG) or the ER stress-response element (ERSE; CCAAN(N)9CCACG), as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response.


go_id: GO:0006991
term: response to sterol depletion
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


go_id: GO:0006995
term: cellular response to nitrogen starvation
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nitrogen.


go_id: GO:0006996
term: organelle organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0006997
term: nucleus organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.


go_id: GO:0006998
term: nuclear envelope organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.


go_id: GO:0006999
term: nuclear pore organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore.


go_id: GO:0007000
term: nucleolus organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.


go_id: GO:0019237
term: centromeric DNA binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a centromere, a region of chromosome where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis.


go_id: GO:0042162
term: telomeric DNA binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a telomere, a specific structure at the end of a linear chromosome required for the integrity and maintenance of the end.


go_id: GO:0007005
term: mitochondrion organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.


go_id: GO:0007006
term: mitochondrial membrane organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.


go_id: GO:0007007
term: inner mitochondrial membrane organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane.


go_id: GO:0007008
term: outer mitochondrial membrane organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial outer membrane.


go_id: GO:0007009
term: plasma membrane organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0007015
term: actin filament organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.


go_id: GO:0007016
term: cytoskeletal anchoring at plasma membrane
ontology: BP
definition:
A cytoskeleton organization process that directly or indirectly links cytoskeletal filaments to the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0007018
term: microtubule-based movement
ontology: BP
definition:
A microtubule-based process that is mediated by motor proteins and results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other particles along microtubules.


go_id: GO:0007020
term: microtubule nucleation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation).


go_id: GO:0007023
term: post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.


go_id: GO:0007026
term: negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.


go_id: GO:0007027
term: negative regulation of axonemal microtubule depolymerization
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme.


go_id: GO:0007028
term: cytoplasm organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


go_id: GO:0007029
term: endoplasmic reticulum organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.


go_id: GO:0007030
term: Golgi organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.


go_id: GO:0007031
term: peroxisome organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.


go_id: GO:0007032
term: endosome organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.


go_id: GO:0007036
term: vacuolar calcium ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions in the vacuole or between a vacuole and its surroundings.


go_id: GO:0007039
term: protein catabolic process in the vacuole
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.


go_id: GO:0007040
term: lysosome organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.


go_id: GO:0007042
term: lysosomal lumen acidification
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


go_id: GO:0007043
term: cell-cell junction assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.


go_id: GO:0007044
term: cell-substrate junction assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.


go_id: GO:0007045
term: cell-substrate adherens junction assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement, and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell-substrate adherens junction.


go_id: GO:0007049
term: cell cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.


go_id: GO:0007050
term: cell cycle arrest
ontology: BP
definition:
A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M).


go_id: GO:0007051
term: spindle organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


go_id: GO:0007052
term: mitotic spindle organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.


go_id: GO:0007053
term: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007054
term: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis I
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007055
term: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis II
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


