# subprocess - Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams # # For more information about this module, see PEP 324. # # This module should remain compatible with Python 2.2, see PEP 291. # # Copyright (c) 2003-2005 by Peter Astrand # # Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement. # See http://www.python.org/2.4/license for licensing details. r"""subprocess - Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams This module allows you to spawn processes, connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module intends to replace several other, older modules and functions, like: os.system os.spawn* os.popen* popen2.* commands.* Information about how the subprocess module can be used to replace these modules and functions can be found below. Using the subprocess module =========================== This module defines one class called Popen: class Popen(args, bufsize=0, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=False, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0): Arguments are: args should be a string, or a sequence of program arguments. The program to execute is normally the first item in the args sequence or string, but can be explicitly set by using the executable argument. On UNIX, with shell=False (default): In this case, the Popen class uses os.execvp() to execute the child program. args should normally be a sequence. A string will be treated as a sequence with the string as the only item (the program to execute). On UNIX, with shell=True: If args is a string, it specifies the command string to execute through the shell. If args is a sequence, the first item specifies the command string, and any additional items will be treated as additional shell arguments. On Windows: the Popen class uses CreateProcess() to execute the child program, which operates on strings. If args is a sequence, it will be converted to a string using the list2cmdline method. Please note that not all MS Windows applications interpret the command line the same way: The list2cmdline is designed for applications using the same rules as the MS C runtime. bufsize, if given, has the same meaning as the corresponding argument to the built-in open() function: 0 means unbuffered, 1 means line buffered, any other positive value means use a buffer of (approximately) that size. A negative bufsize means to use the system default, which usually means fully buffered. The default value for bufsize is 0 (unbuffered). stdin, stdout and stderr specify the executed programs' standard input, standard output and standard error file handles, respectively. Valid values are PIPE, an existing file descriptor (a positive integer), an existing file object, and None. PIPE indicates that a new pipe to the child should be created. With None, no redirection will occur; the child's file handles will be inherited from the parent. Additionally, stderr can be STDOUT, which indicates that the stderr data from the applications should be captured into the same file handle as for stdout. If preexec_fn is set to a callable object, this object will be called in the child process just before the child is executed. If close_fds is true, all file descriptors except 0, 1 and 2 will be closed before the child process is executed. if shell is true, the specified command will be executed through the shell. If cwd is not None, the current directory will be changed to cwd before the child is executed. If env is not None, it defines the environment variables for the new process. If universal_newlines is true, the file objects stdout and stderr are opened as a text files, but lines may be terminated by any of '\n', the Unix end-of-line convention, '\r', the Macintosh convention or '\r\n', the Windows convention. All of these external representations are seen as '\n' by the Python program. Note: This feature is only available if Python is built with universal newline support (the default). Also, the newlines attribute of the file objects stdout, stdin and stderr are not updated by the communicate() method. The startupinfo and creationflags, if given, will be passed to the underlying CreateProcess() function. They can specify things such as appearance of the main window and priority for the new process. (Windows only) This module also defines some shortcut functions: call(*popenargs, **kwargs): Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete, then return the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: retcode = call(["ls", "-l"]) check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs): Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: check_call(["ls", "-l"]) check_output(*popenargs, **kwargs): Run command with arguments and return its output as a byte string. If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute and output in the output attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: output = check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"]) Exceptions ---------- Exceptions raised in the child process, before the new program has started to execute, will be re-raised in the parent. Additionally, the exception object will have one extra attribute called 'child_traceback', which is a string containing traceback information from the childs point of view. The most common exception raised is OSError. This occurs, for example, when trying to execute a non-existent file. Applications should prepare for OSErrors. A ValueError will be raised if Popen is called with invalid arguments. check_call() and check_output() will raise CalledProcessError, if the called process returns a non-zero return code. Security -------- Unlike some other popen functions, this implementation will never call /bin/sh implicitly. This means that all characters, including shell metacharacters, can safely be passed to child processes. Popen objects ============= Instances of the Popen class have the following methods: poll() Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode attribute. wait() Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute. communicate(input=None) Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to terminate. The optional input argument should be a string to be sent to the child process, or None, if no data should be sent to the child. communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr). Note: The data read is buffered in memory, so do not use this method if the data size is large or unlimited. The following attributes are also available: stdin If the stdin argument is PIPE, this attribute is a file object that provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is None. stdout If the stdout argument is PIPE, this attribute is a file object that provides output from the child process. Otherwise, it is None. stderr If the stderr argument is PIPE, this attribute is file object that provides error output from the child process. Otherwise, it is None. pid The process ID of the child process. returncode The child return code. A None value indicates that the process hasn't terminated yet. A negative value -N indicates that the child was terminated by signal N (UNIX only). Replacing older functions with the subprocess module ==================================================== In this section, "a ==> b" means that b can be used as a replacement for a. Note: All functions in this section fail (more or less) silently if the executed program cannot be found; this module raises an OSError exception. In the following examples, we assume that the subprocess module is imported with "from subprocess import *". Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote --------------------------------- output=`mycmd myarg` ==> output = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0] Replacing shell pipe line ------------------------- output=`dmesg | grep hda` ==> p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE) p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE) output = p2.communicate()[0] Replacing os.system() --------------------- sts = os.system("mycmd" + " myarg") ==> p = Popen("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True) pid, sts = os.waitpid(p.pid, 0) Note: * Calling the program through the shell is usually not required. * It's easier to look at the returncode attribute than the exitstatus. A more real-world example would look like this: try: retcode = call("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True) if retcode < 0: print >>sys.stderr, "Child was terminated by signal", -retcode else: print >>sys.stderr, "Child returned", retcode except OSError, e: print >>sys.stderr, "Execution failed:", e Replacing os.spawn* ------------------- P_NOWAIT example: pid = os.spawnlp(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg") ==> pid = Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]).pid P_WAIT example: retcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg") ==> retcode = call(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]) Vector example: os.spawnvp(os.P_NOWAIT, path, args) ==> Popen([path] + args[1:]) Environment example: os.spawnlpe(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg", env) ==> Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"], env={"PATH": "/usr/bin"}) Replacing os.popen* ------------------- pipe = os.popen("cmd", mode='r', bufsize) ==> pipe = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdout=PIPE).stdout pipe = os.popen("cmd", mode='w', bufsize) ==> pipe = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE).stdin (child_stdin, child_stdout) = os.popen2("cmd", mode, bufsize) ==> p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdin, child_stdout) = (p.stdin, p.stdout) (child_stdin, child_stdout, child_stderr) = os.popen3("cmd", mode, bufsize) ==> p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdin, child_stdout, child_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout, p.stderr) (child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = os.popen4("cmd", mode, bufsize) ==> p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, close_fds=True) (child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout) On Unix, os.popen2, os.popen3 and os.popen4 also accept a sequence as the command to execute, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention. This usage can be replaced as follows: (child_stdin, child_stdout) = os.popen2(["/bin/ls", "-l"], mode, bufsize) ==> p = Popen(["/bin/ls", "-l"], bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE) (child_stdin, child_stdout) = (p.stdin, p.stdout) Return code handling translates as follows: pipe = os.popen("cmd", 'w') ... rc = pipe.close() if rc is not None and rc % 256: print "There were some errors" ==> process = Popen("cmd", 'w', shell=True, stdin=PIPE) ... process.stdin.close() if process.wait() != 0: print "There were some errors" Replacing popen2.* ------------------ (child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2("somestring", bufsize, mode) ==> p = Popen(["somestring"], shell=True, bufsize=bufsize stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin) On Unix, popen2 also accepts a sequence as the command to execute, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention. This usage can be replaced as follows: (child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize, mode) ==> p = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin) The popen2.Popen3 and popen2.Popen4 basically works as subprocess.Popen, except that: * subprocess.Popen raises an exception if the execution fails * the capturestderr argument is replaced with the stderr argument. * stdin=PIPE and stdout=PIPE must be specified. * popen2 closes all filedescriptors by default, but you have to specify close_fds=True with subprocess.Popen. """ import sys mswindows = (sys.platform == "win32") jython = sys.platform.startswith("java") import os import types import traceback import signal # Exception classes used by this module. class CalledProcessError(Exception): """This exception is raised when a process run by check_call() or check_output() returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status will be stored in the returncode attribute; check_output() will also store the output in the output attribute. """ def __init__(self, returncode, cmd, output=None): self.returncode = returncode self.cmd = cmd self.output = output def __str__(self): return "Command '%s' returned non-zero exit status %d" % (self.cmd, self.returncode) if mswindows: import threading import msvcrt import _subprocess class STARTUPINFO: dwFlags = 0 hStdInput = None hStdOutput = None hStdError = None wShowWindow = 0 class pywintypes: error = IOError elif jython: import errno import threading import java.io.File import java.io.IOException import java.lang.IllegalArgumentException import java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException import java.lang.ProcessBuilder import java.lang.System import java.lang.Thread import java.nio.ByteBuffer import org.python.core.io.RawIOBase import org.python.core.io.StreamIO else: import select _has_poll = hasattr(select, 'poll') import errno import fcntl import gc import pickle # When select or poll has indicated that the file is writable, # we can write up to _PIPE_BUF bytes without risk of blocking. # POSIX defines PIPE_BUF as >= 512. _PIPE_BUF = getattr(select, 'PIPE_BUF', 512) __all__ = ["Popen", "PIPE", "STDOUT", "call", "check_call", "check_output", "CalledProcessError"] if mswindows: from _subprocess import CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP __all__.extend(["CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE", "CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP"]) try: MAXFD = os.sysconf("SC_OPEN_MAX") except: MAXFD = 256 _active = [] def _cleanup(): for inst in _active[:]: res = inst._internal_poll(_deadstate=sys.maxint) if res is not None and res >= 0: try: _active.remove(inst) except ValueError: # This can happen if two threads create a new Popen instance. # It's harmless that it was already removed, so ignore. pass PIPE = -1 STDOUT = -2 def _eintr_retry_call(func, *args): while True: try: return func(*args) except OSError, e: if e.errno == errno.EINTR: continue raise def call(*popenargs, **kwargs): """Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete, then return the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: retcode = call(["ls", "-l"]) """ return Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs).wait() def check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs): """Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: check_call(["ls", "-l"]) """ retcode = call(*popenargs, **kwargs) if retcode: cmd = kwargs.get("args") if cmd is None: cmd = popenargs[0] raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd) return 0 def check_output(*popenargs, **kwargs): r"""Run command with arguments and return its output as a byte string. If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute and output in the output attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: >>> check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"]) 'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Oct 18 2007 /dev/null\n' The stdout argument is not allowed as it is used internally. To capture standard error in the result, use stderr=STDOUT. >>> check_output(["/bin/sh", "-c", ... "ls -l non_existent_file ; exit 0"], ... stderr=STDOUT) 'ls: non_existent_file: No such file or directory\n' """ if 'stdout' in kwargs: raise ValueError('stdout argument not allowed, it will be overridden.') process = Popen(stdout=PIPE, *popenargs, **kwargs) output, unused_err = process.communicate() retcode = process.poll() if retcode: cmd = kwargs.get("args") if cmd is None: cmd = popenargs[0] raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd, output=output) return output def list2cmdline(seq): """ Translate a sequence of arguments into a command line string, using the same rules as the MS C runtime: 1) Arguments are delimited by white space, which is either a space or a tab. 2) A string surrounded by double quotation marks is interpreted as a single argument, regardless of white space contained within. A quoted string can be embedded in an argument. 3) A double quotation mark preceded by a backslash is interpreted as a literal double quotation mark. 4) Backslashes are interpreted literally, unless they immediately precede a double quotation mark. 5) If backslashes immediately precede a double quotation mark, every pair of backslashes is interpreted as a literal backslash. If the number of backslashes is odd, the last backslash escapes the next double quotation mark as described in rule 3. """ # See # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/17w5ykft.aspx # or search http://msdn.microsoft.com for # "Parsing C++ Command-Line Arguments" result = [] needquote = False for arg in seq: bs_buf = [] # Add a space to separate this argument from the others if result: result.append(' ') needquote = (" " in arg) or ("\t" in arg) or not arg if needquote: result.append('"') for c in arg: if c == '\\': # Don't know if we need to double yet. bs_buf.append(c) elif c == '"': # Double backslashes. result.append('\\' * len(bs_buf)*2) bs_buf = [] result.append('\\"') else: # Normal char if bs_buf: result.extend(bs_buf) bs_buf = [] result.append(c) # Add remaining backslashes, if any. if bs_buf: result.extend(bs_buf) if needquote: result.extend(bs_buf) result.append('"') return ''.join(result) if jython: # Parse command line arguments for Windows _win_oses = ['nt'] _cmdline2listimpl = None _escape_args = None _shell_command = None def _cmdline2list(cmdline): """Build an argv list from a Microsoft shell style cmdline str The reverse of list2cmdline that follows the same MS C runtime rules. Java's ProcessBuilder takes a List cmdline that's joined with a list2cmdline-like routine for Windows CreateProcess (which takes a String cmdline). This process ruins String cmdlines from the user with escapes or quotes. To avoid this we first parse these cmdlines into an argv. Runtime.exec(String) is too naive and useless for this case. """ whitespace = ' \t' # count of preceding '\' bs_count = 0 in_quotes = False arg = [] argv = [] for ch in cmdline: if ch in whitespace and not in_quotes: if arg: # finalize arg and reset argv.append(''.join(arg)) arg = [] bs_count = 0 elif ch == '\\': arg.append(ch) bs_count += 1 elif ch == '"': if not bs_count % 2: # Even number of '\' followed by a '"'. Place one # '\' for every pair and treat '"' as a delimiter if bs_count: del arg[-(bs_count / 2):] in_quotes = not in_quotes else: # Odd number of '\' followed by a '"'. Place one '\' # for every pair and treat '"' as an escape sequence # by the remaining '\' del arg[-(bs_count / 2 + 1):] arg.append(ch) bs_count = 0 else: # regular char arg.append(ch) bs_count = 0 # A single trailing '"' delimiter yields an empty arg if arg or in_quotes: argv.append(''.join(arg)) return argv def _setup_platform(): """Setup the shell command and the command line argument escape function depending on the underlying platform """ global _cmdline2listimpl, _escape_args, _shell_command if os._name in _win_oses: _cmdline2listimpl = _cmdline2list _escape_args = lambda args: [list2cmdline([arg]) for arg in args] else: _cmdline2listimpl = lambda args: [args] _escape_args = lambda args: args for shell_command in os._get_shell_commands(): executable = shell_command[0] if not os.path.isabs(executable): import distutils.spawn executable = distutils.spawn.find_executable(executable) if not executable or not os.path.exists(executable): continue shell_command[0] = executable _shell_command = shell_command return if not _shell_command: import warnings warnings.warn('Unable to determine _shell_command for ' 'underlying os: %s' % os._name, RuntimeWarning, 3) _setup_platform() class _CouplerThread(java.lang.Thread): """Couples a reader and writer RawIOBase. Streams data from the reader's read_func (a RawIOBase readinto method) to the writer's write_func (a RawIOBase write method) in a separate thread. Optionally calls close_func when finished streaming or an exception occurs. This thread will fail safe when interrupted by Java's Thread.interrupt. """ # analagous to PC_PIPE_BUF, which is typically 512 or 4096 bufsize = 4096 def __init__(self, name, read_func, write_func, close_func=None): self.read_func = read_func self.write_func = write_func self.close_func = close_func self.setName('%s-%s (%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, id(self), name)) self.setDaemon(True) def run(self): buf = java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocate(self.bufsize) while True: try: count = self.read_func(buf) if count < 1: if self.close_func: self.close_func() break buf.flip() self.write_func(buf) buf.flip() except IOError, ioe: if self.close_func: try: self.close_func() except: pass # XXX: hack, should really be a # ClosedByInterruptError(IOError) exception if str(ioe) == \ 'java.nio.channels.ClosedByInterruptException': return raise class Popen(object): def __init__(self, args, bufsize=0, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=False, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0): """Create new Popen instance.""" _cleanup() self._child_created = False if not isinstance(bufsize, (int, long)): raise TypeError("bufsize must be an integer") if mswindows: if preexec_fn is not None: raise ValueError("preexec_fn is not supported on Windows " "platforms") if close_fds and (stdin is not None or stdout is not None or stderr is not None): raise ValueError("close_fds is not supported on Windows " "platforms if you redirect stdin/stdout/stderr") else: # POSIX if startupinfo is not None: raise ValueError("startupinfo is only supported on Windows " "platforms") if creationflags != 0: raise ValueError("creationflags is only supported on Windows " "platforms") if jython: if preexec_fn is not None: raise ValueError("preexec_fn is not supported on the Jython " "platform") self.stdin = None self.stdout = None self.stderr = None self.pid = None self.returncode = None self.universal_newlines = universal_newlines # Input and output objects. The general principle is like # this: # # Parent Child # ------ ----- # p2cwrite ---stdin---> p2cread # c2pread <--stdout--- c2pwrite # errread <--stderr--- errwrite # # On POSIX, the child objects are file descriptors. On # Windows, these are Windows file handles. The parent objects # are file descriptors on both platforms. The parent objects # are None when not using PIPEs. The child objects are None # when not redirecting. (p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) = self._get_handles(stdin, stdout, stderr) self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) if mswindows: if p2cwrite is not None: p2cwrite = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(p2cwrite.Detach(), 0) if c2pread is not None: c2pread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(c2pread.Detach(), 0) if errread is not None: errread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(errread.Detach(), 0) if jython: self._stdin_thread = None self._stdout_thread = None self._stderr_thread = None # 'ct' is for _CouplerThread proc = self._process ct2cwrite = org.python.core.io.StreamIO(proc.getOutputStream(), True) c2ctread = org.python.core.io.StreamIO(proc.getInputStream(), True) cterrread = org.python.core.io.StreamIO(proc.getErrorStream(), True) # Use the java.lang.Process streams for PIPE, otherwise # direct the desired file to/from the java.lang.Process # streams in a separate thread if p2cwrite == PIPE: p2cwrite = ct2cwrite else: if p2cread is None: # Coupling stdin is not supported: there's no way to # cleanly interrupt it if it blocks the # _CouplerThread forever (we can Thread.interrupt() # its _CouplerThread but that closes stdin's # Channel) pass else: self._stdin_thread = self._coupler_thread('stdin', p2cread.readinto, ct2cwrite.write, ct2cwrite.close) self._stdin_thread.start() if c2pread == PIPE: c2pread = c2ctread else: if c2pwrite is None: c2pwrite = org.python.core.io.StreamIO( java.lang.System.out, False) self._stdout_thread = self._coupler_thread('stdout', c2ctread.readinto, c2pwrite.write) self._stdout_thread.start() if errread == PIPE: errread = cterrread elif not self._stderr_is_stdout(errwrite, c2pwrite): if errwrite is None: errwrite = org.python.core.io.StreamIO( java.lang.System.err, False) self._stderr_thread = self._coupler_thread('stderr', cterrread.readinto, errwrite.write) self._stderr_thread.start() if p2cwrite is not None: self.stdin = os.fdopen(p2cwrite, 'wb', bufsize) if c2pread is not None: if universal_newlines: self.stdout = os.fdopen(c2pread, 'rU', bufsize) else: self.stdout = os.fdopen(c2pread, 'rb', bufsize) if errread is not None: if universal_newlines: self.stderr = os.fdopen(errread, 'rU', bufsize) else: self.stderr = os.fdopen(errread, 'rb', bufsize) def _translate_newlines(self, data): data = data.replace("\r\n", "\n") data = data.replace("\r", "\n") return data def __del__(self, _maxint=sys.maxint, _active=_active): if not self._child_created: # We didn't get to successfully create a child process. return # In case the child hasn't been waited on, check if it's done. self._internal_poll(_deadstate=_maxint) if self.returncode is None and _active is not None: # Child is still running, keep us alive until we can wait on it. _active.append(self) def communicate(self, input=None): """Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to terminate. The optional input argument should be a string to be sent to the child process, or None, if no data should be sent to the child. communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr).""" # Optimization: If we are only using one pipe, or no pipe at # all, using select() or threads is unnecessary. if [self.stdin, self.stdout, self.stderr].count(None) >= 2: stdout = None stderr = None if self.stdin: if input: self.stdin.write(input) self.stdin.close() elif self.stdout: stdout = self.stdout.read() self.stdout.close() elif self.stderr: stderr = self.stderr.read() self.stderr.close() self.wait() return (stdout, stderr) return self._communicate(input) def poll(self): return self._internal_poll() if mswindows or jython: # # Windows and Jython shared methods # def _readerthread(self, fh, buffer): buffer.append(fh.read()) def _communicate(self, input): stdout = None # Return stderr = None # Return if self.stdout: stdout = [] stdout_thread = threading.Thread(target=self._readerthread, args=(self.stdout, stdout)) stdout_thread.setDaemon(True) stdout_thread.start() if self.stderr: stderr = [] stderr_thread = threading.Thread(target=self._readerthread, args=(self.stderr, stderr)) stderr_thread.setDaemon(True) stderr_thread.start() if self.stdin: if input is not None: self.stdin.write(input) self.stdin.close() if self.stdout: stdout_thread.join() if self.stderr: stderr_thread.join() # All data exchanged. Translate lists into strings. if stdout is not None: stdout = stdout[0] if stderr is not None: stderr = stderr[0] # Translate newlines, if requested. We cannot let the file # object do the translation: It is based on stdio, which is # impossible to combine with select (unless forcing no # buffering). if self.universal_newlines and hasattr(file, 'newlines'): if stdout: stdout = self._translate_newlines(stdout) if stderr: stderr = self._translate_newlines(stderr) self.wait() return (stdout, stderr) if mswindows: # # Windows methods # def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr): """Construct and return tuple with IO objects: p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite """ if stdin is None and stdout is None and stderr is None: return (None, None, None, None, None, None) p2cread, p2cwrite = None, None c2pread, c2pwrite = None, None errread, errwrite = None, None if stdin is None: p2cread = _subprocess.GetStdHandle(_subprocess.STD_INPUT_HANDLE) if p2cread is None: p2cread, _ = _subprocess.CreatePipe(None, 0) elif stdin == PIPE: p2cread, p2cwrite = _subprocess.CreatePipe(None, 0) elif isinstance(stdin, int): p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin) else: # Assuming file-like object p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin.fileno()) p2cread = self._make_inheritable(p2cread) if stdout is None: c2pwrite = _subprocess.GetStdHandle(_subprocess.STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE) if c2pwrite is None: _, c2pwrite = _subprocess.CreatePipe(None, 0) elif stdout == PIPE: c2pread, c2pwrite = _subprocess.CreatePipe(None, 0) elif isinstance(stdout, int): c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout) else: # Assuming file-like object c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout.fileno()) c2pwrite = self._make_inheritable(c2pwrite) if stderr is None: errwrite = _subprocess.GetStdHandle(_subprocess.STD_ERROR_HANDLE) if errwrite is None: _, errwrite = _subprocess.CreatePipe(None, 0) elif stderr == PIPE: errread, errwrite = _subprocess.CreatePipe(None, 0) elif stderr == STDOUT: errwrite = c2pwrite elif isinstance(stderr, int): errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr) else: # Assuming file-like object errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr.fileno()) errwrite = self._make_inheritable(errwrite) return (p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) def _make_inheritable(self, handle): """Return a duplicate of handle, which is inheritable""" return _subprocess.DuplicateHandle(_subprocess.GetCurrentProcess(), handle, _subprocess.GetCurrentProcess(), 0, 1, _subprocess.DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS) def _find_w9xpopen(self): """Find and return absolut path to w9xpopen.exe""" w9xpopen = os.path.join( os.path.dirname(_subprocess.GetModuleFileName(0)), "w9xpopen.exe") if not os.path.exists(w9xpopen): # Eeek - file-not-found - possibly an embedding # situation - see if we can locate it in sys.exec_prefix w9xpopen = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.exec_prefix), "w9xpopen.exe") if not os.path.exists(w9xpopen): raise RuntimeError("Cannot locate w9xpopen.exe, which is " "needed for Popen to work with your " "shell or platform.") return w9xpopen def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite): """Execute program (MS Windows version)""" if not isinstance(args, types.StringTypes): args = list2cmdline(args) # Process startup details if startupinfo is None: startupinfo = STARTUPINFO() if None not in (p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite): startupinfo.dwFlags |= _subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES startupinfo.hStdInput = p2cread startupinfo.hStdOutput = c2pwrite startupinfo.hStdError = errwrite if shell: startupinfo.dwFlags |= _subprocess.STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW startupinfo.wShowWindow = _subprocess.SW_HIDE comspec = os.environ.get("COMSPEC", "cmd.exe") args = '{} /c "{}"'.format (comspec, args) if (_subprocess.GetVersion() >= 0x80000000 or os.path.basename(comspec).lower() == "command.com"): # Win9x, or using command.com on NT. We need to # use the w9xpopen intermediate program. For more # information, see KB Q150956 # (http://web.archive.org/web/20011105084002/http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q150/9/56.asp) w9xpopen = self._find_w9xpopen() args = '"%s" %s' % (w9xpopen, args) # Not passing CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE has been known to # cause random failures on win9x. Specifically a # dialog: "Your program accessed mem currently in # use at xxx" and a hopeful warning about the # stability of your system. Cost is Ctrl+C wont # kill children. creationflags |= _subprocess.CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE # Start the process try: hp, ht, pid, tid = _subprocess.CreateProcess(executable, args, # no special security None, None, int(not close_fds), creationflags, env, cwd, startupinfo) except pywintypes.error, e: # Translate pywintypes.error to WindowsError, which is # a subclass of OSError. FIXME: We should really # translate errno using _sys_errlist (or simliar), but # how can this be done from Python? raise WindowsError(*e.args) finally: # Child is launched. Close the parent's copy of those pipe # handles that only the child should have open. You need # to make sure that no handles to the write end of the # output pipe are maintained in this process or else the # pipe will not close when the child process exits and the # ReadFile will hang. if p2cread is not None: p2cread.Close() if c2pwrite is not None: c2pwrite.Close() if errwrite is not None: errwrite.Close() # Retain the process handle, but close the thread handle self._child_created = True self._handle = hp self.pid = pid ht.Close() def _internal_poll(self, _deadstate=None, _WaitForSingleObject=_subprocess.WaitForSingleObject, _WAIT_OBJECT_0=_subprocess.WAIT_OBJECT_0, _GetExitCodeProcess=_subprocess.GetExitCodeProcess): """Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode attribute. This method is called by __del__, so it can only refer to objects in its local scope. """ if self.returncode is None: if _WaitForSingleObject(self._handle, 0) == _WAIT_OBJECT_0: self.returncode = _GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle) return self.returncode def wait(self): """Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.""" if self.returncode is None: _subprocess.WaitForSingleObject(self._handle, _subprocess.INFINITE) self.returncode = _subprocess.GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle) return self.returncode elif jython: # # Jython methods # def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr): """Construct and return tuple with IO objects: p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite """ p2cread, p2cwrite = None, None c2pread, c2pwrite = None, None errread, errwrite = None, None if stdin is None: pass elif stdin == PIPE: p2cwrite = PIPE elif isinstance(stdin, org.python.core.io.RawIOBase): p2cread = stdin else: # Assuming file-like object p2cread = stdin.fileno() if stdout is None: pass elif stdout == PIPE: c2pread = PIPE elif isinstance(stdout, org.python.core.io.RawIOBase): c2pwrite = stdout else: # Assuming file-like object c2pwrite = stdout.fileno() if stderr is None: pass elif stderr == PIPE: errread = PIPE elif (stderr == STDOUT or isinstance(stderr, org.python.core.io.RawIOBase)): errwrite = stderr else: # Assuming file-like object errwrite = stderr.fileno() return (p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) def _stderr_is_stdout(self, errwrite, c2pwrite): """Determine if the subprocess' stderr should be redirected to stdout """ return (errwrite == STDOUT or c2pwrite not in (None, PIPE) and c2pwrite is errwrite) def _coupler_thread(self, *args, **kwargs): """Return a _CouplerThread""" return _CouplerThread(*args, **kwargs) def _setup_env(self, env, builder_env): """Carefully merge env with ProcessBuilder's only overwriting key/values that differ System.getenv (Map) may be backed by on UNIX platforms where these are really bytes. ProcessBuilder's env inherits its contents and will maintain those byte values (which may be butchered as Strings) for the subprocess if they haven't been modified. """ # Determine what's safe to merge merge_env = dict((key, value) for key, value in env.iteritems() if key not in builder_env or builder_env.get(key) != value) # Prune anything not in env entries = builder_env.entrySet().iterator() for entry in entries: if entry.getKey() not in env: entries.remove() builder_env.putAll(merge_env) def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite): """Execute program (Java version)""" if isinstance(args, types.StringTypes): args = _cmdline2listimpl(args) else: args = list(args) # NOTE: CPython posix (execv) will str() any unicode # args first, maybe we should do the same on # posix. Windows passes unicode through, however if any(not isinstance(arg, (str, unicode)) for arg in args): raise TypeError('args must contain only strings') args = _escape_args(args) if shell: args = _shell_command + args if executable is not None: args[0] = executable builder = java.lang.ProcessBuilder(args) # os.environ may be inherited for compatibility with CPython self._setup_env(dict(os.environ if env is None else env), builder.environment()) if cwd is None: cwd = os.getcwd() elif not os.path.exists(cwd): raise OSError(errno.ENOENT, os.strerror(errno.ENOENT), cwd) elif not os.path.isdir(cwd): raise OSError(errno.ENOTDIR, os.strerror(errno.ENOTDIR), cwd) builder.directory(java.io.File(cwd)) # Let Java manage redirection of stderr to stdout (it's more # accurate at doing so than _CouplerThreads). We redirect # not only when stderr is marked as STDOUT, but also when # c2pwrite is errwrite if self._stderr_is_stdout(errwrite, c2pwrite): builder.redirectErrorStream(True) try: self._process = builder.start() except (java.io.IOException, java.lang.IllegalArgumentException), e: raise OSError(e.getMessage() or e) self._child_created = True def poll(self, _deadstate=None): """Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode attribute.""" if self.returncode is None: try: self.returncode = self._process.exitValue() except java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException: pass return self.returncode def _internal_poll(self, _deadstate=None): """Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode attribute. Called by __del__.""" if self.returncode is None: try: self.returncode = self._process.exitValue() except java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException: # The child process is not ready to return status, so None os still right. pass except java.io.IOException: # Child has exited but returncode lost? self.returncode = _deadstate return self.returncode def wait(self): """Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.""" if self.returncode is None: self.returncode = self._process.waitFor() for coupler in (self._stdout_thread, self._stderr_thread): if coupler: coupler.join() if self._stdin_thread: # The stdin thread may be blocked forever, forcibly # stop it self._stdin_thread.interrupt() return self.returncode def send_signal(self, sig): """Send a signal to the process """ if sig == signal.SIGTERM: self.terminate() elif sig == signal.CTRL_C_EVENT: os.kill(self.pid, signal.CTRL_C_EVENT) elif sig == signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT: os.kill(self.pid, signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT) else: raise ValueError("Unsupported signal: {}".format(sig)) def terminate(self): """Terminates the process """ _subprocess.TerminateProcess(self._handle, 1) kill = terminate else: # # POSIX methods # def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr): """Construct and return tuple with IO objects: p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite """ p2cread, p2cwrite = None, None c2pread, c2pwrite = None, None errread, errwrite = None, None if stdin is None: pass elif stdin == PIPE: p2cread, p2cwrite = os.pipe() elif isinstance(stdin, int): p2cread = stdin else: # Assuming file-like object p2cread = stdin.fileno() if stdout is None: pass elif stdout == PIPE: c2pread, c2pwrite = os.pipe() elif isinstance(stdout, int): c2pwrite = stdout else: # Assuming file-like object c2pwrite = stdout.fileno() if stderr is None: pass elif stderr == PIPE: errread, errwrite = os.pipe() elif stderr == STDOUT: errwrite = c2pwrite elif isinstance(stderr, int): errwrite = stderr else: # Assuming file-like object errwrite = stderr.fileno() return (p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) def _set_cloexec_flag(self, fd, cloexec=True): try: cloexec_flag = fcntl.FD_CLOEXEC except AttributeError: cloexec_flag = 1 old = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFD) if cloexec: fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFD, old | cloexec_flag) else: fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFD, old & ~cloexec_flag) def _close_fds(self, but): if hasattr(os, 'closerange'): os.closerange(3, but) os.closerange(but + 1, MAXFD) else: for i in xrange(3, MAXFD): if i == but: continue try: os.close(i) except: pass def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite): """Execute program (POSIX version)""" if isinstance(args, types.StringTypes): args = [args] else: args = list(args) if shell: args = ["/bin/sh", "-c"] + args if executable: args[0] = executable if executable is None: executable = args[0] # For transferring possible exec failure from child to parent # The first char specifies the exception type: 0 means # OSError, 1 means some other error. errpipe_read, errpipe_write = os.pipe() try: try: self._set_cloexec_flag(errpipe_write) gc_was_enabled = gc.isenabled() # Disable gc to avoid bug where gc -> file_dealloc -> # write to stderr -> hang. http://bugs.python.org/issue1336 gc.disable() try: self.pid = os.fork() except: if gc_was_enabled: gc.enable() raise self._child_created = True if self.pid == 0: # Child try: # Close parent's pipe ends if p2cwrite is not None: os.close(p2cwrite) if c2pread is not None: os.close(c2pread) if errread is not None: os.close(errread) os.close(errpipe_read) # Dup fds for child def _dup2(a, b): # dup2() removes the CLOEXEC flag but # we must do it ourselves if dup2() # would be a no-op (issue #10806). if a == b: self._set_cloexec_flag(a, False) elif a is not None: os.dup2(a, b) _dup2(p2cread, 0) _dup2(c2pwrite, 1) _dup2(errwrite, 2) # Close pipe fds. Make sure we don't close the # same fd more than once, or standard fds. closed = { None } for fd in [p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite]: if fd not in closed and fd > 2: os.close(fd) closed.add(fd) # Close all other fds, if asked for if close_fds: self._close_fds(but=errpipe_write) if cwd is not None: os.chdir(cwd) if preexec_fn: preexec_fn() if env is None: os.execvp(executable, args) else: os.execvpe(executable, args, env) except: exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info() # Save the traceback and attach it to the exception object exc_lines = traceback.format_exception(exc_type, exc_value, tb) exc_value.child_traceback = ''.join(exc_lines) os.write(errpipe_write, pickle.dumps(exc_value)) # This exitcode won't be reported to applications, so it # really doesn't matter what we return. os._exit(255) # Parent if gc_was_enabled: gc.enable() finally: # be sure the FD is closed no matter what os.close(errpipe_write) if p2cread is not None and p2cwrite is not None: os.close(p2cread) if c2pwrite is not None and c2pread is not None: os.close(c2pwrite) if errwrite is not None and errread is not None: os.close(errwrite) # Wait for exec to fail or succeed; possibly raising exception # Exception limited to 1M data = _eintr_retry_call(os.read, errpipe_read, 1048576) finally: # be sure the FD is closed no matter what os.close(errpipe_read) if data != "": try: _eintr_retry_call(os.waitpid, self.pid, 0) except OSError as e: if e.errno != errno.ECHILD: raise child_exception = pickle.loads(data) for fd in (p2cwrite, c2pread, errread): if fd is not None: os.close(fd) raise child_exception def _handle_exitstatus(self, sts, _WIFSIGNALED=os.WIFSIGNALED, _WTERMSIG=os.WTERMSIG, _WIFEXITED=os.WIFEXITED, _WEXITSTATUS=os.WEXITSTATUS): # This method is called (indirectly) by __del__, so it cannot # refer to anything outside of its local scope.""" if _WIFSIGNALED(sts): self.returncode = -_WTERMSIG(sts) elif _WIFEXITED(sts): self.returncode = _WEXITSTATUS(sts) else: # Should never happen raise RuntimeError("Unknown child exit status!") def _internal_poll(self, _deadstate=None, _waitpid=os.waitpid, _WNOHANG=os.WNOHANG, _os_error=os.error): """Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode attribute. This method is called by __del__, so it cannot reference anything outside of the local scope (nor can any methods it calls). """ if self.returncode is None: try: pid, sts = _waitpid(self.pid, _WNOHANG) if pid == self.pid: self._handle_exitstatus(sts) except _os_error: if _deadstate is not None: self.returncode = _deadstate return self.returncode def wait(self): """Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.""" if self.returncode is None: try: pid, sts = _eintr_retry_call(os.waitpid, self.pid, 0) except OSError as e: if e.errno != errno.ECHILD: raise # This happens if SIGCLD is set to be ignored or waiting # for child processes has otherwise been disabled for our # process. This child is dead, we can't get the status. sts = 0 self._handle_exitstatus(sts) return self.returncode def _communicate(self, input): if self.stdin: # Flush stdio buffer. This might block, if the user has # been writing to .stdin in an uncontrolled fashion. self.stdin.flush() if not input: self.stdin.close() if _has_poll: stdout, stderr = self._communicate_with_poll(input) else: stdout, stderr = self._communicate_with_select(input) # All data exchanged. Translate lists into strings. if stdout is not None: stdout = ''.join(stdout) if stderr is not None: stderr = ''.join(stderr) # Translate newlines, if requested. We cannot let the file # object do the translation: It is based on stdio, which is # impossible to combine with select (unless forcing no # buffering). if self.universal_newlines and hasattr(file, 'newlines'): if stdout: stdout = self._translate_newlines(stdout) if stderr: stderr = self._translate_newlines(stderr) self.wait() return (stdout, stderr) def _communicate_with_poll(self, input): stdout = None # Return stderr = None # Return fd2file = {} fd2output = {} poller = select.poll() def register_and_append(file_obj, eventmask): poller.register(file_obj.fileno(), eventmask) fd2file[file_obj.fileno()] = file_obj def close_unregister_and_remove(fd): poller.unregister(fd) fd2file[fd].close() fd2file.pop(fd) if self.stdin and input: register_and_append(self.stdin, select.POLLOUT) select_POLLIN_POLLPRI = select.POLLIN | select.POLLPRI if self.stdout: register_and_append(self.stdout, select_POLLIN_POLLPRI) fd2output[self.stdout.fileno()] = stdout = [] if self.stderr: register_and_append(self.stderr, select_POLLIN_POLLPRI) fd2output[self.stderr.fileno()] = stderr = [] input_offset = 0 while fd2file: try: ready = poller.poll() except select.error, e: if e.args[0] == errno.EINTR: continue raise for fd, mode in ready: if mode & select.POLLOUT: chunk = input[input_offset : input_offset + _PIPE_BUF] input_offset += os.write(fd, chunk) if input_offset >= len(input): close_unregister_and_remove(fd) elif mode & select_POLLIN_POLLPRI: data = os.read(fd, 4096) if not data: close_unregister_and_remove(fd) fd2output[fd].append(data) else: # Ignore hang up or errors. close_unregister_and_remove(fd) return (stdout, stderr) def _communicate_with_select(self, input): read_set = [] write_set = [] stdout = None # Return stderr = None # Return if self.stdin and input: write_set.append(self.stdin) if self.stdout: read_set.append(self.stdout) stdout = [] if self.stderr: read_set.append(self.stderr) stderr = [] input_offset = 0 while read_set or write_set: try: rlist, wlist, xlist = select.select(read_set, write_set, []) except select.error, e: if e.args[0] == errno.EINTR: continue raise if self.stdin in wlist: chunk = input[input_offset : input_offset + _PIPE_BUF] bytes_written = os.write(self.stdin.fileno(), chunk) input_offset += bytes_written if input_offset >= len(input): self.stdin.close() write_set.remove(self.stdin) if self.stdout in rlist: data = os.read(self.stdout.fileno(), 1024) if data == "": self.stdout.close() read_set.remove(self.stdout) stdout.append(data) if self.stderr in rlist: data = os.read(self.stderr.fileno(), 1024) if data == "": self.stderr.close() read_set.remove(self.stderr) stderr.append(data) return (stdout, stderr) def send_signal(self, sig): """Send a signal to the process """ os.kill(self.pid, sig) def terminate(self): """Terminate the process with SIGTERM """ self.send_signal(signal.SIGTERM) def kill(self): """Kill the process with SIGKILL """ self.send_signal(signal.SIGKILL) def _demo_posix(): # # Example 1: Simple redirection: Get process list # plist = Popen(["ps"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0] print "Process list:" print plist # # Example 2: Change uid before executing child # if os.getuid() == 0: p = Popen(["id"], preexec_fn=lambda: os.setuid(100)) p.wait() # # Example 3: Connecting several subprocesses # print "Looking for 'hda'..." p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE) p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE) print repr(p2.communicate()[0]) # # Example 4: Catch execution error # print print "Trying a weird file..." try: print Popen(["/this/path/does/not/exist"]).communicate() except OSError, e: if e.errno == errno.ENOENT: print "The file didn't exist. I thought so..." print "Child traceback:" print e.child_traceback else: print "Error", e.errno else: print >>sys.stderr, "Gosh. No error." def _demo_windows(): # # Example 1: Connecting several subprocesses # print "Looking for 'PROMPT' in set output..." p1 = Popen("set", stdout=PIPE, shell=True) p2 = Popen('find "PROMPT"', stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE) print repr(p2.communicate()[0]) # # Example 2: Simple execution of program # print "Executing calc..." p = Popen("calc") p.wait() def _demo_jython(): # # Example 1: Return the number of processors on this machine # print "Running a jython subprocess to return the number of processors..." p = Popen([sys.executable, "-c", ('import sys;' 'from java.lang import Runtime;' 'sys.exit(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors())')]) print p.wait() # # Example 2: Connecting several subprocesses # print "Connecting two jython subprocesses..." p1 = Popen([sys.executable, "-c", ('import os;' 'print os.environ["foo"]')], env=dict(foo='bar'), stdout=PIPE) p2 = Popen([sys.executable, "-c", ('import os, sys;' 'their_foo = sys.stdin.read().strip();' 'my_foo = os.environ["foo"];' 'msg = "Their env\'s foo: %r, My env\'s foo: %r";' 'print msg % (their_foo, my_foo)')], env=dict(foo='baz'), stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE) print p2.communicate()[0] if __name__ == "__main__": if mswindows: _demo_windows() elif jython: _demo_jython() else: _demo_posix()