This example shows how a simple, well-known mathematical problem, the Mandelbrot Set, can be expressed in MATLAB® code. Using Parallel Computing Toolbox™ this code is then adapted to make use of GPU hardware in three ways:
Using the existing algorithm but with GPU data as input
Using arrayfun
to perform the algorithm on each element independently
Using the MATLAB/CUDA interface to run some existing CUDA/C++ code
The values below specify a highly zoomed part of the Mandelbrot Set in the valley between the main cardioid and the p/q bulb to its left.
A 1000x1000 grid of real parts (X) and imaginary parts (Y) is created between these limits and the Mandelbrot algorithm is iterated at each grid location. For this particular location 500 iterations will be enough to fully render the image.
maxIterations = 500; gridSize = 1000; xlim = [-0.748766713922161, -0.748766707771757]; ylim = [ 0.123640844894862, 0.123640851045266];
Below is an implementation of the Mandelbrot Set using standard MATLAB commands running on the CPU. This is based on the code provided in Cleve Moler's "Experiments with MATLAB" e-book.
This calculation is vectorized such that every location is updated at once.
% Setup t = tic(); x = linspace( xlim(1), xlim(2), gridSize ); y = linspace( ylim(1), ylim(2), gridSize ); [xGrid,yGrid] = meshgrid( x, y ); z0 = xGrid + 1i*yGrid; count = ones( size(z0) ); % Calculate z = z0; for n = 0:maxIterations z = z.*z + z0; inside = abs( z )<=2; count = count + inside; end count = log( count ); % Show cpuTime = toc( t ); fig = gcf; fig.Position = [200 200 600 600]; imagesc( x, y, count ); axis image colormap( [jet();flipud( jet() );0 0 0] ); title( sprintf( '%1.2fsecs (without GPU)', cpuTime ) );
gpuArray
When MATLAB encounters data on the GPU, calculations with that data are performed on the GPU. The class gpuArray
gpuArray
provides GPU versions of many functions that you can use to create data arrays, including the linspace
linspace
, logspace
logspace
, and meshgrid
meshgrid
functions needed here. Similarly, the count
array is initialized directly on the GPU using the function ones
ones
.
With these changes to the data initialization the calculations will now be performed on the GPU:
% Setup t = tic(); x = gpuArray.linspace( xlim(1), xlim(2), gridSize ); y = gpuArray.linspace( ylim(1), ylim(2), gridSize ); [xGrid,yGrid] = meshgrid( x, y ); z0 = complex( xGrid, yGrid ); count = ones( size(z0), 'gpuArray' ); % Calculate z = z0; for n = 0:maxIterations z = z.*z + z0; inside = abs( z )<=2; count = count + inside; end count = log( count ); % Show count = gather( count ); % Fetch the data back from the GPU naiveGPUTime = toc( t ); imagesc( x, y, count ) axis image title( sprintf( '%1.3fsecs (naive GPU) = %1.1fx faster', ... naiveGPUTime, cpuTime/naiveGPUTime ) )
Noting that the algorithm is operating equally on every element of the input, we can place the code in a helper function and call it using arrayfun
arrayfun
. For GPU array inputs, the function used with arrayfun
gets compiled into native GPU code. In this case we placed the loop in pctdemo_processMandelbrotElement.m
pctdemo_processMandelbrotElement.m
:
function count = pctdemo_processMandelbrotElement(x0,y0,maxIterations) z0 = complex(x0,y0); z = z0; count = 1; while (count <= maxIterations) && (abs(z) <= 2) count = count + 1; z = z*z + z0; end count = log(count);
Note that an early abort has been introduced because this function processes only a single element. For most views of the Mandelbrot Set a significant number of elements stop very early and this can save a lot of processing. The for
loop has also been replaced by a while
loop because they are usually more efficient. This function makes no mention of the GPU and uses no GPU-specific features - it is standard MATLAB code.
Using arrayfun
means that instead of many thousands of calls to separate GPU-optimized operations (at least 6 per iteration), we make one call to a parallelized GPU operation that performs the whole calculation. This significantly reduces overhead.
% Setup t = tic(); x = gpuArray.linspace( xlim(1), xlim(2), gridSize ); y = gpuArray.linspace( ylim(1), ylim(2), gridSize ); [xGrid,yGrid] = meshgrid( x, y ); % Calculate count = arrayfun( @pctdemo_processMandelbrotElement, ... xGrid, yGrid, maxIterations ); % Show count = gather( count ); % Fetch the data back from the GPU gpuArrayfunTime = toc( t ); imagesc( x, y, count ) axis image title( sprintf( '%1.3fsecs (GPU arrayfun) = %1.1fx faster', ... gpuArrayfunTime, cpuTime/gpuArrayfunTime ) );
In Experiments in MATLAB improved performance is achieved by converting the basic algorithm to a C-Mex function. If you are willing to do some work in C/C++, then you can use Parallel Computing Toolbox to call pre-written CUDA kernels using MATLAB data. You do this with the parallel.gpu.CUDAKernel
parallel.gpu.CUDAKernel
feature.
A CUDA/C++ implementation of the element processing algorithm has been hand-written in pctdemo_processMandelbrotElement.cu
pctdemo_processMandelbrotElement.cu
. This must then be manually compiled using nVidia's NVCC compiler to produce the assembly-level pctdemo_processMandelbrotElement.ptx
(.ptx
stands for "Parallel Thread eXecution language").
The CUDA/C++ code is a little more involved than the MATLAB versions we have seen so far, due to the lack of complex numbers in C++. However, the essence of the algorithm is unchanged:
__device__ unsigned int doIterations( double const realPart0, double const imagPart0, unsigned int const maxIters ) { // Initialize: z = z0 double realPart = realPart0; double imagPart = imagPart0; unsigned int count = 0; // Loop until escape while ( ( count <= maxIters ) && ((realPart*realPart + imagPart*imagPart) <= 4.0) ) { ++count; // Update: z = z*z + z0; double const oldRealPart = realPart; realPart = realPart*realPart - imagPart*imagPart + realPart0; imagPart = 2.0*oldRealPart*imagPart + imagPart0; } return count; }
One GPU thread is required for location in the Mandelbrot Set, with the threads grouped into blocks. The kernel indicates how big a thread-block is, and in the code below we use this to calculate the number of thread-blocks required. This then becomes the GridSize
.
% Load the kernel cudaFilename = 'pctdemo_processMandelbrotElement.cu'; ptxFilename = ['pctdemo_processMandelbrotElement.',parallel.gpu.ptxext]; kernel = parallel.gpu.CUDAKernel( ptxFilename, cudaFilename ); % Setup t = tic(); x = gpuArray.linspace( xlim(1), xlim(2), gridSize ); y = gpuArray.linspace( ylim(1), ylim(2), gridSize ); [xGrid,yGrid] = meshgrid( x, y ); % Make sure we have sufficient blocks to cover all of the locations numElements = numel( xGrid ); kernel.ThreadBlockSize = [kernel.MaxThreadsPerBlock,1,1]; kernel.GridSize = [ceil(numElements/kernel.MaxThreadsPerBlock),1]; % Call the kernel count = zeros( size(xGrid), 'gpuArray' ); count = feval( kernel, count, xGrid, yGrid, maxIterations, numElements ); % Show count = gather( count ); % Fetch the data back from the GPU gpuCUDAKernelTime = toc( t ); imagesc( x, y, count ) axis image title( sprintf( '%1.3fsecs (GPU CUDAKernel) = %1.1fx faster', ... gpuCUDAKernelTime, cpuTime/gpuCUDAKernelTime ) );
This example has shown three ways in which a MATLAB algorithm can be adapted to make use of GPU hardware:
Convert the input data to be on the GPU using gpuArray
gpuArray
, leaving the algorithm unchanged
Use arrayfun
arrayfun
on a gpuArray
input to perform the algorithm on each element of the input independently
Use parallel.gpu.CUDAKernel
parallel.gpu.CUDAKernel
to run some existing CUDA/C++ code using MATLAB data