/// \file
/// \ingroup tutorial_fit
/// \notebook -js
/// Perform a fit to a set of data with binomial errors
/// like those derived from the division of two histograms.
/// Three different fits are performed and compared:
///
///   -  simple least square fit to the divided histogram obtained
///      from TH1::Divide with option b
///   -  least square fit to the TGraphAsymmErrors obtained from
///      TGraphAsymmErrors::BayesDivide
///   -  likelihood fit performed on the dividing histograms using
///      binomial statistics with the TBinomialEfficiency class
///
/// The first two methods are biased while the last one  is statistical correct.
/// Running the script passing an integer value n larger than 1, n fits are
/// performed and the bias are also shown.
/// To run the script :
///
///  to show the bias performing 100 fits for 1000 events per "experiment"
///
/// ~~~{.cpp}
///  root[0]: .x TestBinomial.C+
/// ~~~
///
///  to show the bias performing 100 fits for 1000 events per "experiment"
///
/// ~~~{.cpp}
///           .x TestBinomial.C+(100, 1000)
/// ~~~
///
/// \macro_image
/// \macro_output
/// \macro_code
///
/// \author Rene Brun

#include "TBinomialEfficiencyFitter.h"
#include "TVirtualFitter.h"
#include "TH1.h"
#include "TRandom3.h"
#include "TF1.h"
#include "TFitResult.h"
#include "TStyle.h"
#include "TCanvas.h"
#include "TLegend.h"
#include "TPaveStats.h"
#include "Math/IntegratorOptions.h"
#include <cassert>
#include <iostream>

void TestBinomial(int nloop = 100, int nevts = 100, bool plot = false, bool debug = false, int seed = 111)
{
   gStyle->SetMarkerStyle(20);
   gStyle->SetLineWidth(2.0);
   gStyle->SetOptStat(11);

   TObjArray hbiasNorm;
   hbiasNorm.Add(new TH1D("h0Norm", "Bias Histogram fit",100,-5,5));
   hbiasNorm.Add(new TH1D("h1Norm","Bias Binomial fit",100,-5,5));
   TObjArray hbiasThreshold;
   hbiasThreshold.Add(new TH1D("h0Threshold", "Bias Histogram fit",100,-5,5));
   hbiasThreshold.Add(new TH1D("h1Threshold","Bias Binomial fit",100,-5,5));
   TObjArray hbiasWidth;
   hbiasWidth.Add(new TH1D("h0Width", "Bias Histogram fit",100,-5,5));
   hbiasWidth.Add(new TH1D("h1Width","Bias Binomial fit",100,-5,5));
   TH1D* hChisquared = new TH1D("hChisquared",
      "#chi^{2} probability (Baker-Cousins)", 200, 0.0, 1.0);

   TVirtualFitter::SetDefaultFitter("Minuit2");
   ROOT::Math::IntegratorOneDimOptions::SetDefaultIntegrator("Gauss");

   // Note: in order to be able to use TH1::FillRandom() to generate
   //       pseudo-experiments, we use a trick: generate "selected"
   //       and "non-selected" samples independently. These are
   //       statistically independent and therefore can be safely
   //       added to yield the "before selection" sample.


   // Define (arbitrarily?) a distribution of input events.
   // Here: assume a x^(-2) distribution. Boundaries: [10, 100].

   Double_t xmin =10, xmax = 100;
   TH1D* hM2D = new TH1D("hM2D", "x^(-2) denominator distribution",
      45, xmin, xmax);
   TH1D* hM2N = new TH1D("hM2N", "x^(-2) numerator distribution",
      45, xmin, xmax);
   TH1D* hM2E = new TH1D("hM2E", "x^(-2) efficiency",
      45, xmin, xmax);

   TF1*  fM2D = new TF1("fM2D", "(1-[0]/(1+exp(([1]-x)/[2])))/(x*x)",
      xmin, xmax);
   TF1*  fM2N = new TF1("fM2N", "[0]/(1+exp(([1]-x)/[2]))/(x*x)",
      xmin, xmax);
   TF1*  fM2Fit = new TF1("fM2Fit", "[0]/(1+exp(([1]-x)/[2]))",
      xmin, xmax);
   TF1*  fM2Fit2 = 0;

   TRandom3 rb(seed);

   // First try: use a single set of parameters.
   // For each try, we need to find the overall normalization

   Double_t normalization = 0.80;
   Double_t threshold = 25.0;
   Double_t width = 5.0;

   fM2D->SetParameter(0, normalization);
   fM2D->SetParameter(1, threshold);
   fM2D->SetParameter(2, width);
   fM2N->SetParameter(0, normalization);
   fM2N->SetParameter(1, threshold);
   fM2N->SetParameter(2, width);
   Double_t integralN = fM2N->Integral(xmin, xmax);
   Double_t integralD = fM2D->Integral(xmin, xmax);
   Double_t fracN = integralN/(integralN+integralD);
   Int_t nevtsN = rb.Binomial(nevts, fracN);
   Int_t nevtsD = nevts - nevtsN;

   std::cout << nevtsN << "  " << nevtsD << std::endl;

   gStyle->SetOptFit(1111);

   // generate many times to see the bias
   for (int iloop = 0; iloop < nloop; ++iloop) {

     // generate pseudo-experiments
     hM2D->Reset();
     hM2N->Reset();
     hM2D->FillRandom(fM2D->GetName(), nevtsD);
     hM2N->FillRandom(fM2N->GetName(), nevtsN);
     hM2D->Add(hM2N);

     // construct the "efficiency" histogram
     hM2N->Sumw2();
     hM2E->Divide(hM2N, hM2D, 1, 1, "b");

     // Fit twice, using the same fit function.
     // In the first (standard) fit, initialize to (arbitrary) values.
     // In the second fit, use the results from the first fit (this
     // makes it easier for the fit -- but the purpose here is not to
     // show how easy or difficult it is to obtain results, but whether
     // the CORRECT results are obtained or not!).

     fM2Fit->SetParameter(0, 0.5);
     fM2Fit->SetParameter(1, 15.0);
     fM2Fit->SetParameter(2, 2.0);
     fM2Fit->SetParError(0, 0.1);
     fM2Fit->SetParError(1, 1.0);
     fM2Fit->SetParError(2, 0.2);
     TH1 * hf = fM2Fit->GetHistogram();
     // std::cout << "Function values " << std::endl;
     // for (int i = 1; i <= hf->GetNbinsX(); ++i)
     //    std::cout << hf->GetBinContent(i) << "  ";
     // std::cout << std::endl;

     TCanvas* cEvt;
     if (plot) {
       cEvt = new TCanvas(Form("cEnv%d",iloop),
                          Form("plots for experiment %d", iloop),
                          1000, 600);
       cEvt->Divide(1,2);
       cEvt->cd(1);
       hM2D->DrawCopy("HIST");
       hM2N->SetLineColor(kRed);
       hM2N->DrawCopy("HIST SAME");
       cEvt->cd(2);
     }
     for (int fit = 0; fit < 2; ++fit) {
       Int_t status = 0;
       switch (fit) {
       case 0:
       {
          // TVirtualPad * pad = gPad;
          // new TCanvas();
          // fM2Fit->Draw();
          // gPad = pad;
          TString optFit = "RN";
          if (debug) optFit += TString("SV");
          TFitResultPtr res = hM2E->Fit(fM2Fit, optFit);
          if (plot) {
             hM2E->DrawCopy("E");
             fM2Fit->SetLineColor(kBlue);
             fM2Fit->DrawCopy("SAME");
          }
          if (debug) res->Print();
          status = res;
          break;
       }
       case 1:
       {
          // if (fM2Fit2) delete fM2Fit2;
          // fM2Fit2 = dynamic_cast<TF1*>(fM2Fit->Clone("fM2Fit2"));
          fM2Fit2 = fM2Fit; // do not clone/copy the function
          if (fM2Fit2->GetParameter(0) >= 1.0)
          fM2Fit2->SetParameter(0, 0.95);
          fM2Fit2->SetParLimits(0, 0.0, 1.0);

          // TVirtualPad * pad = gPad;
          // new TCanvas();
          // fM2Fit2->Draw();
          // gPad = pad;

          TBinomialEfficiencyFitter bef(hM2N, hM2D);
          TString optFit = "RI S";
          if (debug) optFit += TString("V");
          TFitResultPtr res = bef.Fit(fM2Fit2,optFit);
          status = res;
          if (status !=0) {
             std::cerr << "Error performing binomial efficiency fit, result = "
             << status << std::endl;
             res->Print();
             continue;
          }
          if (plot) {
             fM2Fit2->SetLineColor(kRed);
             fM2Fit2->DrawCopy("SAME");
          
             bool confint = (status == 0);
             if (confint) {
                // compute confidence interval on fitted function
                auto htemp = fM2Fit2->GetHistogram();
                ROOT::Fit::BinData xdata;
                ROOT::Fit::FillData(xdata, fM2Fit2->GetHistogram() );
                TGraphErrors gr(fM2Fit2->GetHistogram() );
                res->GetConfidenceIntervals(xdata, gr.GetEY(), 0.68, false);
                gr.SetFillColor(6);
                gr.SetFillStyle(3005);
                gr.DrawClone("4 same");
             }
          }
          if (debug) {
             res->Print();
          }
       }
       }

       if (status != 0) break;

       Double_t fnorm = fM2Fit->GetParameter(0);
       Double_t enorm = fM2Fit->GetParError(0);
       Double_t fthreshold = fM2Fit->GetParameter(1);
       Double_t ethreshold = fM2Fit->GetParError(1);
       Double_t fwidth = fM2Fit->GetParameter(2);
       Double_t ewidth = fM2Fit->GetParError(2);
       if (fit == 1) {
          fnorm = fM2Fit2->GetParameter(0);
          enorm = fM2Fit2->GetParError(0);
          fthreshold = fM2Fit2->GetParameter(1);
          ethreshold = fM2Fit2->GetParError(1);
          fwidth = fM2Fit2->GetParameter(2);
          ewidth = fM2Fit2->GetParError(2);
          hChisquared->Fill(fM2Fit2->GetProb());
       }

       TH1D* h = dynamic_cast<TH1D*>(hbiasNorm[fit]);
       h->Fill((fnorm-normalization)/enorm);
       h = dynamic_cast<TH1D*>(hbiasThreshold[fit]);
       h->Fill((fthreshold-threshold)/ethreshold);
       h = dynamic_cast<TH1D*>(hbiasWidth[fit]);
       h->Fill((fwidth-width)/ewidth);
     }
   }


   TCanvas* c1 = new TCanvas("c1",
      "Efficiency fit biases",10,10,1000,800);
   c1->Divide(2,2);

   TH1D *h0, *h1;
   c1->cd(1);
   h0 = dynamic_cast<TH1D*>(hbiasNorm[0]);
   h0->Draw("HIST");
   h1 = dynamic_cast<TH1D*>(hbiasNorm[1]);
   h1->SetLineColor(kRed);
   h1->Draw("HIST SAMES");
   TLegend* l1 = new TLegend(0.1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.9,
      "plateau parameter", "ndc");
   l1->AddEntry(h0, Form("histogram: mean = %4.2f RMS = \
      %4.2f", h0->GetMean(), h0->GetRMS()), "l");
   l1->AddEntry(h1, Form("binomial : mean = %4.2f RMS = \
      %4.2f", h1->GetMean(), h1->GetRMS()), "l");
   l1->Draw();

   c1->cd(2);
   h0 = dynamic_cast<TH1D*>(hbiasThreshold[0]);
   h0->Draw("HIST");
   h1 = dynamic_cast<TH1D*>(hbiasThreshold[1]);
   h1->SetLineColor(kRed);
   h1->Draw("HIST SAMES");
   TLegend* l2 = new TLegend(0.1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.9,
      "threshold parameter", "ndc");
   l2->AddEntry(h0, Form("histogram: mean = %4.2f RMS = \
      %4.2f", h0->GetMean(), h0->GetRMS()), "l");
   l2->AddEntry(h1, Form("binomial : mean = %4.2f RMS = \
      %4.2f", h1->GetMean(), h1->GetRMS()), "l");
   l2->Draw();

   c1->cd(3);
   h0 = dynamic_cast<TH1D*>(hbiasWidth[0]);
   h0->Draw("HIST");
   h1 = dynamic_cast<TH1D*>(hbiasWidth[1]);
   h1->SetLineColor(kRed);
   h1->Draw("HIST SAMES");
   TLegend* l3 = new TLegend(0.1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.9, "width parameter", "ndc");
   l3->AddEntry(h0, Form("histogram: mean = %4.2f RMS = \
      %4.2f", h0->GetMean(), h0->GetRMS()), "l");
   l3->AddEntry(h1, Form("binomial : mean = %4.2f RMS = \
      %4.2f", h1->GetMean(), h1->GetRMS()), "l");
   l3->Draw();

   c1->cd(4);
   hChisquared->Draw("HIST");
}

int main() {
   TestBinomial();
}