NAME

bat-burst-advocate - standard BAT GRB processing

USAGE

bat-burst-advocate indir outdir

DESCRIPTION

bat-burst-advocate performs standard processing for gamma-ray bursts detected by the Swift BAT instrument. It performs the following activities:

NOTE: the scripts batgrbproduct and bat-burst-advocate are identical. The first name has been preserved for historical reasons, and the second name for consistency with the product scripts of the UVOT and XRT.

By default it is assumed that the TDRSS position message is present. This message provides information about the position of the burst and the initial time interval of the burst. However, the user can override these values using command line parameters. If the RA and Dec values are set to BLIND, then sky images are made, but no further analysis is done, and it is up to the user to search the image to find new sources.

PREREQUISITES - the user must have the standard FTOOLS (6.0.5 or later) installed and set up. Also, the Swift BAT Calibration Database (CALDB) must be installed and set up. It is assumed that the input directory is structured as a standard Swift archive, as produced by the Swift Data Center (SDC) and the HEASARC archive. The following subdirectories are required: bat/event, bat/hk, auxil, and tdrss. The uvot and xrt subdirectories are not required, although there is no harm for them to be present. The event by event data should already be energy-calibrated by either the SDC or running bateconvert manually (i.e. the PI and ENERGY columns should be filled).

DETAILS of OPERATION

After initialization, bat-burst-advocate begins by extracting the various burst parameters from the TDRSS burst position message such as position, trigger start/stop time, and background start/stop time. If the TDRSS position message is not available, then the user must supply these values at the command line. As noted below, special processing is done for short bursts.

A quality map is created from the detector enable/disable map and the event data itself, by searching for noisy detectors. Various good time intervals are created. Only data from "near" the burst are retained, defined as within 'tnear' seconds of the burst trigger time ('tnear' is a parameter). Using this time selector, a new event file is extracted, covering only the time range of interest. The mask weight calculation (ray tracing) is done at this stage using the input celestial position, after which, the full event file is copied into separate pre-slew, slew, and post-slew time segments.

Once the near-trigger event file has been created, a search is performed for the "best" burst time interval. This involves searching light curves of several trial time bin sizes (currently 4 ms, 16 ms, 64 ms, 1 s, and 16 s) for the burst duration, using the Bayesian blocks algorithm of 'battblocks'. A set of criteria is used to decide whether to accept a particular trial duration estimate or not. If battblocks failed in any way, then that trial duration estimate is discarded. If the trial estimated duration is greater than 2 times the bin size, and 30% greater than the previous best estimate, then current trial estimate becomes the new best estimate. If 'battblocks' fails to detect the burst with any of the trial binnings, then the script falls back to the time interval values specified in the TDRSS message (or the command line). These time intervals -- T50, T90, and T100 -- form the best estimated durations of the burst, and are used to extract "burst" spectra and images. These intervals are also saved in the output gti subdirectory as standard GTI files.

At this stage, detector and sky images are made for the "burst" time interval, and pre-burst pointed data, if any. Here "pre-burst" means any pointed time interval before T100. If a slew occurs during the burst, then separate burst images are made from the pre-slew and post-slew pointings. Images are never made while the spacecraft is maneuvering. Pre-slew and post-slew partial coding maps are also created, which give an indication of the off-axis exposure level for these time intervals.

If a pre-slew image was successfully created, the burst was not an on-board "image" trigger, and the position came from the TDRSS position message, then bat-burst-advocate will attempt to refine the burst position. The pre-slew sky imge is used to estimate a refined centroid location.

Spectra are made for several different time intervals, including T50, T90, T100, and the peak 1 second flux interval. The total burst is also divided into separate pre-slew, slew and post-slew spectra, in case the user wishes to perform a more refined analysis. Response matrices are made for pre-slew and post-slew time intervals.

Light curves are extracted in several bin sizes and binnings. For the total energy range (15-350 keV), light curves are extracted with 4 ms, 64 ms, and 1 s binnings. Light curves in 4 energy bands are also created (15-25,25-50,50-100,100-350 keV) with 64 ms and 1 s binnings. Finally, 1-channel and 4-channel light curves are created using the Bayesian block time intervals determined by battblocks.

As a last step, a report file is generated which contains basic summary information about the burst analysis. The burst time intervals and position are reported, as well as the counts fluences in various bands.

SUMMARY OUTPUTS

Upon finishing, the output directory contains a text file called process.log. This file contains all the commands executed and detailed output transcripts. Users can check this file to: (a) diagnose problems; and (b) to get ideas on how to use the software to make their own custom science products.

The output directory also contains report.txt, which is text file with a summary report giving basic statistics and factual information about the trigger that was analyzed.

The task concludes by printing to the console a detailed inventory of files it created, including the name and a brief description for each file.

OUTPUT RESULTS

The output files are arranged by type into several directories. The following list describes each directory. Each file name contains code phrases which are also described.

outdir/lc
Light curves, in standard OGIP light curve format. File names are of the form swNNNNNNNNNNNb_xchan_bbb.lc, where NNNNNNNNNNN is the observation ID. File names with "1chan" and "4chan" have 1 and 4 energy bins respectively. The bbb portion of the file name specifies the time binning. Time binnings can be 1 second ("1s"), 64 millisecond ("64ms") and 4 millisecond ("4ms"). The light curves cover the full range of event data. Light curves with "bb" in their file name are binned with the Bayesian Block algorithm and have variable time bin sizes. Light curve rates are based on the mask weighting algorithm, and have Gaussian-distributed uncertainties.
outdir/pha
Spectra and response matrices, in standard OGIP spectral format. Spectral file names are of the form swNNNNNNNNNNNb_type.pha, where NNNNNNNNNNN is the observation ID, and type is the time interval for accumulating the spectrum, as described in the next sentence. Spectra are computed for the total burst interval ("total"), the T50/T90 intervals ("t50" and "t90"), the peak 1 second flux interval ("peak"), and also for the pre-slew, slew, and post-slew intervals ("preslew", "slew" and "postslew"). Response matrices are computed for the pre-slew and post-slew intervals, and have similar file names, except with the ".rsp" suffix.
outdir/dpi
Detector images, in DPI format. Detector image file names are of the form swNNNNNNNNNNNb_type_xchan.pha, where NNNNNNNNNNN is the observation ID, and type is the time interval for accumulating the spectrum, and xchan describes the energy binning. Detector images are made in the pre-burst, pre-slew and post-slew time intervals ("preburst", "preslew" and "postslew"). Pre-burst means an image created before any detectable emission. Images with 1 and 4 energy bins are created.
outdir/img
Sky and partial coding images, as standard FITS image extensions with full World Coordinate System keywords. Matching sky images are made for each 1-channel detector image in the dpi directory. Small "postage-stamp" images are also created (suffix ".postimg"), centered on a small region around the burst position. Partial coding maps are made for the pre-slew and post-slew intervals, with suffix ".pcodeimg".
outdir/gti
Duration information. Various good time interval files are generated. File names with "acs" are spacecraft-attitude related ("acs_10am", "acs_sett", "acs_slew" corresponding to the 10-arcmin, settled, and slewing flags, respectively). File names with "grb" select events near the GRB (within 2000 seconds), including the pre-slew, slew and post-slew intervals. The "tdrss" file contains time intervals transcribed from the TDRSS position message. File names with "bb" are Bayesian blocks produced with the battblocks task on light curves with different time binnings. The file named swNNNNNNNNNNNb_dur.gti contains the estimated burst durations, including T50, T90, T100 and the peak 1 second interval, corresponding to FITS extensions named GTI_T50, GTI_T90, GTI_TOT, GTI_PEAK.
outdir/auxil
Auxiliary information. The file name with "qmap" is a detector quality map. The file with "output.cat" contains a revised position based on a fit to all pre-slew data. The "output.reg" file is a region file suitable for use within DS9 or FV. The "evaux" file is an auxiliary ray-tracing file.
outdir/events
Event files. Event file names are of the form swNNNNNNNNNNNb_type.pha, where NNNNNNNNNNN is the observation ID, and type is the time interval for accumulating the events, described in the next sentence. The event files correspond to all events near the GRB trigger ("all"), pre-slew events ("preslew"), slew events ("slew") and post-slew events ("postslew"). All event files in this directory are filtered according to the 'tnear' parameter. Since they are re-created each time the task is run, the files in this directory can be deleted if desired.

CREATING CUSTOM SPECTRA or LIGHTCURVES

As detailed above, this task creates several standard spectra and light curves which will often be useful to the observer. However, it is understood that the user may also want to make spectra or light curve products with different options from the standard ones. This section gives some suggestions of how this could be done.

The user is also urged to read the sections of the BAT software documentation on making spectra and light crves for more detailed information and caveats. Both BAT spectra and light curves are created with the 'batbinevt' task, but there are several other procedures that must be completed in order to have scientifically meaningful results. Recommended analysis techniques may change over time, so the user is urged to periodically consult the software documentation to be sure they are using the most up-to-date techniques.

A typical BAT spectrum can be created with the following 'batbinevt' command:


  batbinevt infile='outdir/events/swNNNNNNNNNNNb_all.evt' \
     outfile='custom_spectrum.pha' outtype=PHA timedel=0 timebinalg=u \
     energybins='CALDB:80' detmask='outdir/auxil/swNNNNNNNNNNNb_qmap.fits' \
     ecol=ENERGY weighted=YES outunits='RATE' 

In this command, 'outdir' is the output directory as given on the batgrbproduct command line; and 'NNNNNNNNNN' is the Swift observation number (which should also be the name of the 'indir', if the data came from the archive). Of course the user is free to choose different time filtering or energy bins, as described in the BAT software documentation; this example uses the standard 80 energy bins. IMPORTANT NOTES: there are additional corrections that must be applied to a spectrum before it is scientifically meaningful. Please read the BAT software documentation before doing spectral fitting.

A custom light curve file can be constructed in a similar way:


  batbinevt infile='outdir/events/swNNNNNNNNNNNb_all.evt' \
     outfile='custom_lightcurve_1s.lc' outtype=LC timedel=1 timebinalg=u \
     energybins='15-350' detmask='outdir/auxil/swNNNNNNNNNNNb_qmap.fits' \
     ecol=ENERGY weighted=YES outunits='RATE' 

Please see above for the meanings of 'outdir' and 'NNNNNNNNNN'. Of course the user is free to choose different time or energy bins, as described in the BAT software documentation; this example uses 1 second bins in the 15-350 keV range. Please consult the BAT software documentation for more information about constructing meaningful light curves.

SHORT BURSTS

For short burst triggers (triggers shorter than or equal to 64 milliseconds), the BAT flight software reports the incorrect burst trigger time in the BAT TDRSS position message (the keyword containing the trigger start time is named TRIGTIME). The value in the telemetry is the start of a 320 millisecond interval which contains the end of the trigger interval. Thus, in principle, the end of a short burst trigger could have fallen anywhere within a 320 millisecond interval starting at TRIGTIME.

For short bursts this behavior can cause problems. First of all, the automatic burst-finding algorithm in battblocks cannot always find short, faint bursts, which causes the algorithm to fall back to the time intervals reported in the position message. Since these time intervals are incorrect, the result can appear to be a non-detection.

There are several ways to work around this problem. The first way is to examine the light curve and manually adjust the trigger start and stop time to cover the true interval of the burst (using the trigtime and trigstop parameters to this task).

There are also two automatic ways to work around this problem, using the 'shortfix' parameter. If 'shortfix' is set to 'scaledmap', this task will use the BAT "scaled map" product to determine the burst intervals. The scaled map is a detector plane image which contains the exact time intervals of the burst trigger with no ambiguity. If 'shortfix' is set to 'expand' then the trigger interval will be automatically expanded to at least 320 milliseconds so that the true burst interval will be included. This method unavoidably adds extra noise to the analysis, so it should be avoided if possible. The default value of 'scaledmap,expand' causes this task to first check for a scaled map, and only if one is not present, use the expand method.

Users should be aware that the TRIGTIME keyword in all of the output results will contain the adjusted trigger start time and not the telemetered value. This is true if the trigger time is specified on the command line using the trigtime/trigstop parameters, or if it is adjusted automatically via the 'shortfix' parameter.

ERRORS

Most error conditions are reported on the console. Please note that not all bursts are the same, and the Swift spacecraft response is not the same. For example, there may not be a slew to the burst, in which case, there won't be "slew" and "post-slew" spectra or images. Also, if the burst does not extend past the end of the slew (if there is one), there will not be a post-slew spectrum. The task will report these failures to produce spectra and images as errors, but they are benign.

For certain kinds of bursts -- namely short hard bursts -- the task is not always able to find the time interval of the burst. In those cases, the task falls back to the trigger interval reported in the telemetry (or, the adjusted trigger time as described above).

PARAMETERS

indir [string]
Input directory containing Swift data. This directory must have the standard Swift archive layout. Files in the input directory will not be modified.
outdir [string]
Output directory which will contain the processing results. The output files are organized by file type: events, pha (spectra), lc (light curves), gti (good time intervals), auxil (miscellaneous). Also a summary report is created (report.txt), and a detailed processing log (process.log).
ra = "BAT" [string]
RA of the source (degrees). A value of "BAT" or "XRT" means that the BAT or XRT TDRSS position should be used. A value of "BLIND" means to do the analysis blind, without concentrating on any one position in the field of view. When "BLIND", then the trigtime/trigstop/backstrt/backstop parameters must be specified.

dec = "BAT" [string].
Declination of the source (degrees). See "ra".

trigtime = 0.0 [real]
Start time of the foreground interval containing the burst in mission elapsed time. A value of 0 indicates to use the times from the TDRSS position message, and a non-zero value overrides the TDRSS message.

trigstop = 0.0 [real]
Stop time of the foreground interval containing the burst in mission elapsed time. A value of 0 indicates to use the times from the TDRSS position message, and a non-zero value overrides the TDRSS message.

backstrt = 0.0 [real]
Start time of the background interval before the burst in mission elapsed time. A value of 0 indicates to use the times from the TDRSS position message, and a non-zero value overrides the TDRSS message.

backstop = 0.0 [real]
Stop time of the background interval before the burst in mission elapsed time. A value of 0 indicates to use the times from the TDRSS position message, and a non-zero value overrides the TDRSS message.

shortfix = "scaledmap,expand" [string]
Specify a method to work around the problem of incorrect BAT trigger times for short bursts (see detailed description above). The value should be either "scaledmap" (use BAT scaled map to determine burst interval), "expand" (expand the short burst interval to at least 320 milliseconds), or "scaledmap,expand" (try both methods).

tnear = 2000.0 [real]
Specifies approximate time interval of interest near the time of the trigger, defined as TRIGTIME-tnear to TRIGTIME+tnear.

tbinmax = 1000.0 [real]
Specifies the largest trial time bin size to use while searching for the burst duration. See above for the list of currently-used trial time bin sizes.

date_obs = "INDEF" [string]
User override of the DATE-OBS keyword in event files. This parameter is useful if the input data has an invalid date, like '2001-01-01' or 'TBD'. In that case, set date_obs='YYYY-MM-DD' where YYYY-MM-DD is the date of the observation. A value of "INDEF" indicates that the DATE-OBS keyword should not be changed (although it will still be checked for validity).

(tbkgsub = YES) [boolean]
If set, then the task instructs battblocks to perform background subtraction during the "background" intervals before and after the GRB before estimating the T50/T90 durations. If not set, then it is assumed that the light curves are already background subtracted (via mask weighting). Caveats: setting tbkgsub=YES may cause problems if the light curve doesn't have a true quiescent background interval; setting tbkgsub=NO may cause problems if the light curve is not fully background subtracted.

(pcodethresh = 0.0) [real]
Minimum partial coding threshold. Set this value to a number greater than 0 in order to exclude noisy data when a GRB passes out of the BAT field of view. A value of 0.0 includes all data; A value of 1.0 includes only data when the source is in the (small) BAT fully coded field of view.

(imgpcodethresh = 0.05) [real]
Minimum partial coding threshold for image analysis. Set this number to a value greater than 0.0 to exclude noisy pixels at the edges of the BAT image.

(chatter = 1) [integer, 0 - 5]
Currently ignored.

(history = YES) [boolean]
Currently ignored.

EXAMPLES

1. Run the BAT GRB product script on BAT trigger 154112 (GRB 050908). The BAT GRB data are archived in a directory called 00154112000 (the "000" refers to segment number 0). bat-burst-advocate will perform a standard analysis and place the results in the directory 00154112000-results.

     bat-burst-advocate 00154112000 00154112000-results

SEE ALSO

batmaskwtevt, batbinevt, batdetmask, battblocks, batfftimage, batcelldetect, bat-burst-advocate

LAST MODIFIED

Mar 2009